To investigate theperformance of low-cost GNSS equipment in monitoring horizontal displacements ANN-MB-GNSS and A10 antenna were installed on Zeiss-BRT-006 reduktionstachymeter, which can move with mm sensitivity in the horizontal plane. Ten days of static data were recorded with U-Blox-ZED-F9P-02B-GNSS receiver and processed with CSRS-PPP online-service. Considering theobservation period(12,6,3,1h), nine horizontal displacement magnitude tests were performed.Inaddition, GNSS-PPPAR solution percentages, multipath and signal-to-noise ratio values were considered. The results reveal that 20mm displacement can be determined (6mmRMSE) using the PPP approach based on a 3-hour observation period with A10antenna and 30mm can be determined (15mmRMSE) with UBX antenna with a 6-hour observation.

Unmanned aerial systems have a wide range of uses in studying the impacts of climate change over several fields. Recently, its combination with a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology has been demonstrated to be highly effective for surveying glaciers, especially in difficult and inaccessible terrains like Antarctica. In this context, this study focused on exploring the potential of using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-GPR to measure the depth of glaciers on Horseshoe Island, West Antarctica. The data were collected during the seventh Turkish Antarctic Expedition (TAE-VII) in February and March 2023, within the scope of the international project titled "Glacier monitoring and 3D modeling in Horseshoe Island Antarctica based on UAV-GPR observations", carried out by the bilateral cooperation of İstanbul Technical University and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In order to determine the depth of the glacier, this investigation utilized both terrestrial GPR and UAV-GPR data. The UAV-GPR depth was determined as 9 cm root mean square error as a consequence of comparison with terrestrial GPR results. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that measurements performed with the UAV were completed approximately 25 times faster than those conducted with the terrestrial GPR, demonstrating a significant efficiency benefit. As a result, it can be concluded that using the airborne GPR approach offers a beneficial and effective way to undertake surveys of glaciers quickly and affordably with promising accuracy.

Global climate change is a phenomenon that seriously affects the balance of a wide variety of ecosystems and is the intense focus of climate scientists and environmental researchers. In this context, periodic monitoring of glacier areas in terms of a better understanding of atmosphere-ocean interactions; thus, predicting the effects of climate change and planning against future threats by evaluating environmental impacts is an important research area. Especially the polar regions, where the melting of glaciers and the rise of sea levels are visibly observed, are important for climate scientists in providing crucial observations to understand and predict global climate change. In this study, within the scope of the international bilateral cooperation project carried out in cooperation with Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) (Project No: 121N033), the spatial changes in snow/glacier areas obtained from UAV Photogrammetry products generated during the 6th and 7th Antarctic National Science Expeditions. Snow/glacier areas were segmented with the K-Net deep learning approach which has been previously tested for accuracy and provides glacier mapping with accuracy metrics over 99%, on the high spatial resolution orthophotos produced during the two periods. The snow/glacier areas difference between the two periods were calculated and compared and water bodies which are critical areas, were specifically examined. The result of this comparison shows that the glacier area decreased by approximately 11% in just 1 year. However, to better understand these changes in snow/glacier areas, the region needs to be observed closely for longer time periods. It is thought that future studies will contribute to efforts to manage global environmental impacts and cope with climate change by focusing on monitoring and better understanding changes in these critical regions.

Satellite-based positioning, which started being developed in the mid-1960s for military purposes, is now used in almost every area. For the studies single and/or double frequency receivers are used. The cost of a receiver and antenna couple that have capable of high coordinate accuracies ranges from $3000 to $15000. With the production of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) receivers, the cost of satellite-based location determination decreases to approximately one in 10 for the civilian user compared to the operations performed with geodetic receivers and antennas. However, although these receivers collect data in multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and frequencies, the accuracy of the coordinate values estimated is not as high as geodetic receivers and antennas. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an accuracy study to obtain information about which studies can be used in. In this study, measurements were made at the UZEL point located on the roof of the Yıldız Technical University Geomatics Engineering Department by using the ZED-F9P-02B OEM multi GNSS receiver and ANN-MB L1/L2 multi-band GNSS patch antenna. The performance of the test results has been examined by comparing the results from CSRS(Canadian Spatial Reference System)-PPP with the coordinates of the UZEL point. As a result of the comparison, the difference between the coordinate determined with collected 3.5 hr data and the coordinates of the UZEL point has been determined as – 1.4 cm, 2.8 cm, and 9.3 cm in the East, North, and Height directions, respectively