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Prof. Dr. Miguel Zavala
Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Edificio Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain

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0 Biodiversity
0 Climate Change Adaptation
0 Forest Ecology
0 Sustainability
0 Mathematical Ecology

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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Forests
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Forests are intrinsically coupled to human dynamics, both temporally and spatially. This evolution is conditioned by global changes in climatic conditions (teleconnections) and distant socio-economical processes (telecoupling). The main goal of this study is to describe the teleconnections and telecoupling dynamics that have shaped structure and processes in a dry-edge—highly vulnerable to desertification—Mediterranean pine forest during the last century and to evaluate the contribution of historical management strategies to this coupled human and natural system’s (CHANS) overall resilience. For this study, we collected relevant human and natural system data from a dry edge Pinus pinaster Ait. located forest in Central Spain using a CHANS analytical framework operationalizing telecoupling and teleconnection. A key extractive economic activity in the studied forest was resin tapping, which was the main form of land use from the 1920s to the 1950s. Since the 1950s changes in the Spanish economy linked to the emergence of new resin-producing countries, such as China, led to a sharp decline in resin production. Despite additional human system transformations affecting forest governance (e.g., the Spanish Civil War, the transition to democracy, European integration, etc.) and changes in biophysical conditions linked to climate change (e.g., aridification, CO2 fertilization), the standing stocks of P. pinaster increased during the monitoring period due to sound technical and management planning bolstering overall resilience. These historical management decisions, we argue, successfully reconciled overall resilience goals (defined as the maintenance of forest function beyond and desertification avoidance) with three successive historical forest use challenges: intensive firewood collection by local communities in fragile sandy soils, extensive pastoralism in the forest understory and tradeoffs between resin tapping damaged trees, timber production and tree cover as well as the emerging risks of wildfire and climate change.

ACS Style

Daniel Moreno-Fernández; Miguel A. Zavala; Jaime Madrigal-González; Francisco Seijo. Resilience as a Moving Target: An Evaluation of Last Century Management Strategies in a Dry-Edge Maritime Pine Ecosystem. Forests 2021, 12, 1151 .

AMA Style

Daniel Moreno-Fernández, Miguel A. Zavala, Jaime Madrigal-González, Francisco Seijo. Resilience as a Moving Target: An Evaluation of Last Century Management Strategies in a Dry-Edge Maritime Pine Ecosystem. Forests. 2021; 12 (9):1151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Moreno-Fernández; Miguel A. Zavala; Jaime Madrigal-González; Francisco Seijo. 2021. "Resilience as a Moving Target: An Evaluation of Last Century Management Strategies in a Dry-Edge Maritime Pine Ecosystem." Forests 12, no. 9: 1151.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Forests
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The prediction of tree growth is key to further understand the carbon sink role of forests and the short-term forest capacity on climate change mitigation. In this work, we used large-scale data available from three consecutive forest inventories in a Euro-Mediterranean region and the Bertalanffy–Chapman–Richards equation to model up to a decade’s tree size variation in monospecific forests in the growing stages. We showed that a tree-level fitting with ordinary differential equations can be used to forecast tree diameter growth across time and space as function of environmental characteristics and initial size. This modelling approximation was applied at different aggregation levels to monospecific regions with forest inventories to predict trends in aboveground tree biomass stocks. Furthermore, we showed that this model accurately forecasts tree growth temporal dynamics as a function of size and environmental conditions. Further research to provide longer term prediction forest stock dynamics in a wide variety of forests should model regeneration and mortality processes and biotic interactions.

ACS Style

Guadalupe Sáez-Cano; Marcos Marvá; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Miguel Zavala. Modelling Tree Growth in Monospecific Forests from Forest Inventory Data. Forests 2021, 12, 753 .

AMA Style

Guadalupe Sáez-Cano, Marcos Marvá, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Miguel Zavala. Modelling Tree Growth in Monospecific Forests from Forest Inventory Data. Forests. 2021; 12 (6):753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guadalupe Sáez-Cano; Marcos Marvá; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Miguel Zavala. 2021. "Modelling Tree Growth in Monospecific Forests from Forest Inventory Data." Forests 12, no. 6: 753.

Research paper
Published: 04 May 2021 in Global Ecology and Biogeography
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Aim Tree mortality is increasing world‐wide, leading to changes in forest composition and altering global biodiversity. Nonetheless, owing to the multifaceted stochastic nature of tree mortality, large‐scale spatial patterns of mortality across species ranges and their underlying drivers remain difficult to understand. Our main goal was to describe the geographical patterns and drivers of the occurrence of mortality (presence of a mortality event) and the intensity of tree mortality (amount of mortality related to that mortality event) in Europe. We hypothesized that the occurrence of mortality represents background mortality and is higher in the margin than in core populations, whereas the intensity of mortality could have a more even distribution according to the spatial and temporal stochasticity of die‐off events. Location Europe (Spain, France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden and Finland). Major taxa studied More than 1.5 million trees belonging to 20 major forest tree species. Methods We developed binomial and truncated negative binomial models to tease apart the occurrence and intensity of tree mortality in National Forest Inventory plots at the range‐wide scale. The occurrence of mortality indicated that at least one tree had died in the plot, whereas the intensity of mortality referred to the number of dead trees per plot. Results The highest occurrence of mortality was found in peripheral regions and the climatic trailing edge linked with drought, whereas the intensity of mortality was driven by competition, drought and high temperatures and was scattered uniformly across species ranges. Main conclusions We show that tree background mortality, but not die‐off, is generally higher in the trailing‐edge populations. It remains to be explored whether other demographic traits, such as growth, reproduction and regeneration, also decrease at the trailing edge of European tree populations.

ACS Style

Alexandre Changenet; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Fréjaville; Juliette Archambeau; Annabel J. Porte; Miguel A. Zavala; Jonas Dahlgren; Aleksi Lehtonen; Marta Benito Garzón. Occurrence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2021, 30, 1356 -1374.

AMA Style

Alexandre Changenet, Paloma Ruiz‐Benito, Sophia Ratcliffe, Thibaut Fréjaville, Juliette Archambeau, Annabel J. Porte, Miguel A. Zavala, Jonas Dahlgren, Aleksi Lehtonen, Marta Benito Garzón. Occurrence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2021; 30 (7):1356-1374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandre Changenet; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Fréjaville; Juliette Archambeau; Annabel J. Porte; Miguel A. Zavala; Jonas Dahlgren; Aleksi Lehtonen; Marta Benito Garzón. 2021. "Occurrence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests." Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, no. 7: 1356-1374.

Preprint content
Published: 01 November 2020
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Aim: Tree mortality is increasing worldwide, leading to changes in forest composition and altering global biodiversity. Yet, due to the multi-faceted stochastic nature of tree mortality, large-scale spatial patterns of mortality across species ranges and their underlying drivers remain difficult to understand. Our main goal is to describe the geographical patterns and drivers of the occurrence and intensity of tree mortality in Europe. We hypothesize that the occurrence of mortality represents background mortality and is higher in the margin than the core populations, whereas the intensity of mortality could have a more even distribution according to the spatial and temporal stochasticity of die-off events. Location: Europe (Spain, France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden and Finland). Time period: 1981 to 2014. Major taxa studied: More than 1.5 million trees belonging to 20 major forest tree species. Methods: We develop hurdle models to tease apart the occurrence and intensity of tree mortality in National Forest Inventory plots at range-wide scale. The occurrence of mortality indicates that at least one tree has died in the plot and the intensity of mortality refers to the number of trees dead per plot. Results: The highest mortality occurrence was found in peripheral regions and the climatic trailing edge linked with drought, whereas the intensity of mortality was driven by competition, drought and high temperatures and was uniformly scattered across species ranges. Main conclusions: Our findings provide a new perspective in our understanding of tree mortality across species ranges. We show that tree background mortality but not die-off is generally higher in the trailing edge populations, but whether other demographic traits such as growth, reproduction and regeneration would also decrease at the trailing edge of European tree populations needs to be explored.

ACS Style

Alexandre Changenet; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Frejaville; Juliette Archambeau; Annabel J. Porte; Miguel A. Zavala; Jonas Dahlgren; Aleksi Lehtonen; Marta Benito Garzon. Occurrence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Alexandre Changenet, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Sophia Ratcliffe, Thibaut Frejaville, Juliette Archambeau, Annabel J. Porte, Miguel A. Zavala, Jonas Dahlgren, Aleksi Lehtonen, Marta Benito Garzon. Occurrence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandre Changenet; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Frejaville; Juliette Archambeau; Annabel J. Porte; Miguel A. Zavala; Jonas Dahlgren; Aleksi Lehtonen; Marta Benito Garzon. 2020. "Occurrence but not intensity of mortality rises towards the climatic trailing edge of tree species ranges in European forests." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2020 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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ACS Style

Elsa Varela; Fernando Pulido; Gerardo Moreno; Miguel Á. Zavala. Targeted policy proposals for managing spontaneous forest expansion in the Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Ecology 2020, 57, 2373 -2380.

AMA Style

Elsa Varela, Fernando Pulido, Gerardo Moreno, Miguel Á. Zavala. Targeted policy proposals for managing spontaneous forest expansion in the Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2020; 57 (12):2373-2380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elsa Varela; Fernando Pulido; Gerardo Moreno; Miguel Á. Zavala. 2020. "Targeted policy proposals for managing spontaneous forest expansion in the Mediterranean." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 12: 2373-2380.

Research paper
Published: 11 February 2020 in Global Ecology and Biogeography
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Aim Forest carbon storage is the result of a multitude of interactions among biotic and abiotic factors. Our aim was to use an integrative approach to elucidate mechanistic relationships of carbon storage with biotic and abiotic factors in the natural forests of temperate Australia, a region that has been overlooked in global analyses of carbon‐biodiversity relations. Location South‐eastern Australia. Time period 2010–2015. Major taxa studied Forest trees in 732 plots. Methods We used the most comprehensive forest inventory database available for south‐eastern Australia and structural equation models to assess carbon‐storage relationships with biotic factors (species or functional diversity, community‐weighted mean (CWM) trait values, structural diversity) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, fire history). To assess the consistency of relationships at different environmental scales, our analyses involved three levels of data aggregation: six forest types, two forest groups (representing different growth environments), and all forests combined. Results Structural diversity was consistently the strongest independent predictor of carbon storage at all levels of data aggregation, whereas relationships with species‐ and functional‐diversity indices were comparatively weak. CWMs of maximum height and wood density were also significant independent predictors of carbon storage in most cases. In comparison, climate, soil, and fire history had only minor and mainly indirect effects via biotic factors on carbon storage. Main conclusions Our results indicate that carbon storage in our temperate forests was underpinned by tree structural diversity (representing efficient utilisation of space) and by CWM trait values (representing selection effects) more so than by tree species richness or functional diversity. Abiotic effects were comparatively weak and mostly indirect via biotic factors irrespective of the environmental range. Our study highlights the importance of managing forests for functionally important species and to maintain and enhance their structural complexity in order to support carbon storage.

ACS Style

Cristina Aponte; Sabine Kasel; Craig R. Nitschke; Mihai A. Tanase; Helen Vickers; Linda Parker; Melissa Fedrigo; Michele Kohout; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Miguel A. Zavala; Lauren T. Bennett. Structural diversity underpins carbon storage in Australian temperate forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2020, 29, 789 -802.

AMA Style

Cristina Aponte, Sabine Kasel, Craig R. Nitschke, Mihai A. Tanase, Helen Vickers, Linda Parker, Melissa Fedrigo, Michele Kohout, Paloma Ruiz‐Benito, Miguel A. Zavala, Lauren T. Bennett. Structural diversity underpins carbon storage in Australian temperate forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2020; 29 (5):789-802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Aponte; Sabine Kasel; Craig R. Nitschke; Mihai A. Tanase; Helen Vickers; Linda Parker; Melissa Fedrigo; Michele Kohout; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Miguel A. Zavala; Lauren T. Bennett. 2020. "Structural diversity underpins carbon storage in Australian temperate forests." Global Ecology and Biogeography 29, no. 5: 789-802.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2019 in Ecological Modelling
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Climate change is expected to cause major changes in forest ecosystems during the 21st century and beyond. To assess forest impacts from climate change, the existing empirical information must be structured, harmonised and assimilated into a form suitable to develop and test state-of-the-art forest and ecosystem models. The combination of empirical data collected at large spatial and long temporal scales with suitable modelling approaches is key to understand forest dynamics under climate change. To facilitate data and model integration, we identified major climate change impacts observed on European forest functioning and summarised the data available for monitoring and predicting such impacts. Our analysis of c. 120 forest-related databases (including information from remote sensing, vegetation inventories, dendroecology, palaeoecology, eddy-flux sites, common garden experiments and genetic techniques) and 50 databases of environmental drivers highlights a substantial degree of data availability and accessibility. However, some critical variables relevant to predicting European forest responses to climate change are only available at relatively short time frames (up to 10-20 years), including intra-specific trait variability, defoliation patterns, tree mortality and recruitment. Moreover, we identified data gaps or lack of data integration particularly in variables related to local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity, dispersal capabilities and physiological responses. Overall, we conclude that forest data availability across Europe is improving, but further efforts are needed to integrate, harmonise and interpret this data (i.e. making data useable for non-experts). Continuation of existing monitoring and networks schemes together with the establishments of new networks to address data gaps is crucial to rigorously predict climate change impacts on European forests.

ACS Style

Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Giorgio Vacchiano; Emily R. Lines; Christopher P.O. Reyer; Sophia Ratcliffe; Xavier Morin; Florian Hartig; Annikki Mäkelä; Rasoul Yousefpour; Jimena E. Chaves; Alicia Palacios-Orueta; Marta Benito-Garzón; Cesar Morales-Molino; J. Julio Camarero; Alistair S. Jump; Jens Kattge; Aleksi Lehtonen; Andreas Ibrom; Harry J.F. Owen; Miguel A. Zavala. Available and missing data to model impact of climate change on European forests. Ecological Modelling 2019, 416, 108870 .

AMA Style

Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Giorgio Vacchiano, Emily R. Lines, Christopher P.O. Reyer, Sophia Ratcliffe, Xavier Morin, Florian Hartig, Annikki Mäkelä, Rasoul Yousefpour, Jimena E. Chaves, Alicia Palacios-Orueta, Marta Benito-Garzón, Cesar Morales-Molino, J. Julio Camarero, Alistair S. Jump, Jens Kattge, Aleksi Lehtonen, Andreas Ibrom, Harry J.F. Owen, Miguel A. Zavala. Available and missing data to model impact of climate change on European forests. Ecological Modelling. 2019; 416 ():108870.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Giorgio Vacchiano; Emily R. Lines; Christopher P.O. Reyer; Sophia Ratcliffe; Xavier Morin; Florian Hartig; Annikki Mäkelä; Rasoul Yousefpour; Jimena E. Chaves; Alicia Palacios-Orueta; Marta Benito-Garzón; Cesar Morales-Molino; J. Julio Camarero; Alistair S. Jump; Jens Kattge; Aleksi Lehtonen; Andreas Ibrom; Harry J.F. Owen; Miguel A. Zavala. 2019. "Available and missing data to model impact of climate change on European forests." Ecological Modelling 416, no. : 108870.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2019 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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Background tree mortality is a complex demographic process that affects structure and long-term forest dynamics. Here we investigated how climatic drought intensity interacts with interspecific and intraspecific competition (or facilitation) in shaping mortality patterns across tree species ranges. To this aim, we used data from five European national forest inventories to perform logistic regression models based on individual tree mortality in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). We computed the relative importance of climatic drought intensity, basal area of conspecific and heterospecific trees (proxy of indirect intra- and interspecific competition or facilitation) and the effects of their interactions on mortality along the entire European latitudinal gradient of both species range. Increase in climatic drought intensity over the study period was associated with higher mortality rates in both species. Climatic drought intensity was the most important driver of beech mortality at almost all latitudes while Scots pine mortality was mainly driven by basal area. High conspecific basal area was associated with high mortality rates in both species while high heterospecific basal area was correlated with mortality rates that were high in Scots pine but low in beech. Overall, beech mortality was directly affected by climatic drought intensity while Scots pine mortality was indirectly affected by climatic drought intensity through interactions with basal area. Despite their different sensitivity to drought and basal area, the highest predicted mortality rates for both species were at the ecotone between the cool temperate and Mediterranean biomes, which can be explained by the combined effect of climatic drought intensity and competition. In the context of global warming, which is expected to be particularly strong in the Mediterranean biome, our results suggest that populations at the southern limit of species ranges may experience increased mortality rates in the near future.

ACS Style

Juliette Archambeau; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Fréjaville; Alexandre Changenet; Jose M. Muñoz Castañeda; Aleksi Lehtonen; Jonas Dahlgren; Miguel A. Zavala; Marta Benito Garzón. Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2019, 280, 107772 .

AMA Style

Juliette Archambeau, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Sophia Ratcliffe, Thibaut Fréjaville, Alexandre Changenet, Jose M. Muñoz Castañeda, Aleksi Lehtonen, Jonas Dahlgren, Miguel A. Zavala, Marta Benito Garzón. Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019; 280 ():107772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juliette Archambeau; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Fréjaville; Alexandre Changenet; Jose M. Muñoz Castañeda; Aleksi Lehtonen; Jonas Dahlgren; Miguel A. Zavala; Marta Benito Garzón. 2019. "Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 280, no. : 107772.

Preprint
Published: 13 October 2019
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Species range limits are thought to result from a decline in demographic performance at range edges. However, recent studies reporting contradictory patterns in species demographic performance at their edges cast doubt on our ability to predict climate change demographic impacts. To understand these inconsistent demographic responses at the edges, we need to shift the focus from geographic to climatic edges and analyse how species responses vary with climatic constraints at the edge and species’ ecological strategy.Here we parameterised integral projection models with climate and competition effects for 27 tree species using forest inventory data from over 90,000 plots across Europe. Our models estimate size-dependent climatic responses and evaluate their effects on two life trajectory metrics: lifespan and passage time – the time to grow to a large size. Then we predicted growth, survival, lifespan, and passage time at the hot and dry or cold and wet edges and compared them to their values at the species climatic centre to derive indices of demographic response at the edge. Using these indices, we investigated whether differences in species demographic response between hot and cold edges could be explained by their position along the climate gradient and functional traits related to their climate stress tolerance.We found that at cold and wet edges of European tree species, growth and passage time were constrained, whereas at their hot and dry edges, survival and lifespan were constrained. Demographic constraints at the edge were stronger for species occurring in extreme conditions, i.e. in hot edges of hot-distributed species and cold edges of cold-distributed species. Species leaf nitrogen content was strongly linked to their demographic responses at the edge. In contrast, we found only weak links with wood density, leaf size, and xylem vulnerability to embolism.Synthesis. Our study presents a more complicated picture than previously thought with demographic responses that differ between hot and cold edges. Predictions of climate change impacts should be refined to include edge and species characteristics.

ACS Style

Georges Kunstler; Arnaud Guyennon; Sophia Ratcliffe; Nadja Ruger; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Dylan Z. Childs; Jonas Dahlgren; Aleksi Lehtonen; Wilfried Thuiller; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala; Roberto Salguero-Gomez. Demographic performance of European tree species at their hot and cold climatic edges. 2019, 801084 .

AMA Style

Georges Kunstler, Arnaud Guyennon, Sophia Ratcliffe, Nadja Ruger, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Dylan Z. Childs, Jonas Dahlgren, Aleksi Lehtonen, Wilfried Thuiller, Christian Wirth, Miguel A. Zavala, Roberto Salguero-Gomez. Demographic performance of European tree species at their hot and cold climatic edges. . 2019; ():801084.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georges Kunstler; Arnaud Guyennon; Sophia Ratcliffe; Nadja Ruger; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Dylan Z. Childs; Jonas Dahlgren; Aleksi Lehtonen; Wilfried Thuiller; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala; Roberto Salguero-Gomez. 2019. "Demographic performance of European tree species at their hot and cold climatic edges." , no. : 801084.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2019 in Forests
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Research Highlights: This research highlights the importance of environmental gradients in shaping tree growth responses to global change drivers and the difficulty of attributing impacts to a single directional driver. Background and Objectives: Temperature increases associated with climate change might strongly influence tree growth and forest productivity in temperate forest species. However, the direction and intensity of these effects at the dry edge of species range are still unclear, particularly given the interaction between local factors and other global change drivers such as land use change, atmospheric CO2 increase and nitrogen deposition. While recent studies suggest that tree growth in cool temperate forests has accelerated during the last decades of the 20th century, other studies suggest a prevalence of declining growth, especially in dry-edge populations. Materials and Methods: Using historical forest inventories, we analyzed last century tree growth trends (1930–2010) along an elevation gradient (1350–1900 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.)) in a dry edge scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in Central Iberian Peninsula. Growth was estimated as decadal volume increments in harvested trees of different size classes from 1930 to 2010 (1930–1940, 1939–1949, 1949–1959, 1959–1968, 1989–1999, 2000–2010). Results: Our results showed opposite growth trends over time depending on elevation. While tree growth has accelerated in the low end of the altitudinal gradient, tree growth slowed down at higher elevations (1624–1895 m a.s.l.). Moreover, the magnitude of growth reduction along the altitudinal gradient increased with tree age. Conclusions: Throughout the last 80 years, growth trends in a rear-edge Pinus. sylvestris forest has shown divergent patterns along an altitudinal gradient. Specifically, environmental conditions have become more adverse for growth at high altitudes and have improved at low altitudes. This suggests that local factors such as topography can modulate the impact of climate change on forest ecosystems.

ACS Style

Laura Fernández-Pérez; Miguel Ángel Zavala; Pedro Villar -Salvador; Jaime Madrigal-González. Divergent Last Century Tree Growth along An Altitudinal Gradient in A Pinus sylvestris Dry-edge Population. Forests 2019, 10, 532 .

AMA Style

Laura Fernández-Pérez, Miguel Ángel Zavala, Pedro Villar -Salvador, Jaime Madrigal-González. Divergent Last Century Tree Growth along An Altitudinal Gradient in A Pinus sylvestris Dry-edge Population. Forests. 2019; 10 (7):532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Fernández-Pérez; Miguel Ángel Zavala; Pedro Villar -Salvador; Jaime Madrigal-González. 2019. "Divergent Last Century Tree Growth along An Altitudinal Gradient in A Pinus sylvestris Dry-edge Population." Forests 10, no. 7: 532.

Preprint content
Published: 18 February 2019
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AimBackground tree mortality is a complex demographic process that affects forest structure and long-term dynamics. We aimed to test how drought intensity interacts with interspecific and intraspecific competition (or facilitation) in shaping individual mortality patterns across tree species ranges.LocationEuropean latitudinal gradient (Spain to Finland).Time period1985 – 2014.Major taxa studiedScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).MethodsWe performed logistic regression models based on individual tree mortality recorded in five European National Forest Inventories. We computed the relative importance of climatic drought intensity, basal area of conspecific and heterospecific trees (proxy of indirect intra- and interspecific competition or facilitation) and the effects of their interactions on mortality along the latitudinal gradient of both species range.ResultsIncrease in drought intensity over the study period was associated with higher mortality rates in both species. Drought was the most important driver of beech mortality at almost all latitudes while Scots pine mortality was mainly driven by basal area. High conspecific basal area was associated with high mortality rates in both species while high heterospecific basal area was correlated with mortality rates that were high in Scots pine but low in beech.Main conclusionsBeech mortality was directly affected by drought while Scots pine mortality was indirectly affected by drought through interactions with basal area. Despite their different sensitivity to drought and basal area, the highest predicted mortality rates for both species were at the ecotone between Mediterranean and cool temperate biomes, which can be explained by the combined effect of drought and competition. In the context of global warming, which is expected to be particularly strong in the Mediterranean biome, our results suggest that populations at the southern limit of species ranges may experience increased mortality rates in the near future.BIOSKETCHThe authors’ research is focused on functional trait ecology and global change, with special attention to mortality and demography processes. The authors use modelling multidisciplinary approaches to understand complex processes in ecology on a large geographical scale.

ACS Style

Juliette Archambeau; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Frejaville; Alexandre Changenet; Jose M. Muñoz Castañeda; Aleksi Lehtonen; Jonas Dahlgren; Miguel A. Zavala; Marta Benito Garzon. Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine. 2019, 551820 .

AMA Style

Juliette Archambeau, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Sophia Ratcliffe, Thibaut Frejaville, Alexandre Changenet, Jose M. Muñoz Castañeda, Aleksi Lehtonen, Jonas Dahlgren, Miguel A. Zavala, Marta Benito Garzon. Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine. . 2019; ():551820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juliette Archambeau; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Thibaut Frejaville; Alexandre Changenet; Jose M. Muñoz Castañeda; Aleksi Lehtonen; Jonas Dahlgren; Miguel A. Zavala; Marta Benito Garzon. 2019. "Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine." , no. : 551820.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2019 in Sustainability
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Carbon storage and sequestration are key ecosystem services critical to human well-being and biodiversity conservation. In a warming context, the quantification and valuation of carbon storage and sequestration is important in ensuring that effective incentives are put in place to tackle climate change. The quantification and valuation of ES such as carbon storage and sequestration requires the calculus of actual values and prediction, however, it usually does not include key processes that can indirectly influence carbon dynamics (i.e., risk, conservation or management). Here, we define a multifactorial approach to value ecosystem services based on two stages: (1) a biophysical approximation that integrates yearly supporting ecosystem services (i.e., quantification of carbon storage and sequestration) and (2) a weighing approach including factors that indirectly influence carbon storage and sequestration or that deserve specific attention (i.e., risk, conservation or management factors). The quantification of carbon storage and sequestration indicated that Spanish forests store on average 43 Mg C ha−1 and sequestrate on average 1.02 Mg C ha−1 year−1. Forest structure was a strong determinant of carbon storage and sequestration in Iberian forests, hence there was a strong spatial variation in the carbon sink. We adapted the weighting values to a financial cap and the monetary value of carbon increased more than four times when the weighting factors were taken into account. Finally, we argue that a multifactorial approach to value supporting ecosystem services incorporating aspects related to conservation and risk prevention can facilitate ecosystem service valuation and assist policy makers and stakeholders to establish payment service policies.

ACS Style

Patricia González-Díaz; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Jorge Gosalbez Ruiz; Gregorio Chamorro; Miguel A. Zavala. A Multifactorial Approach to Value Supporting Ecosystem Services in Spanish Forests and Its Implications in a Warming World. Sustainability 2019, 11, 358 .

AMA Style

Patricia González-Díaz, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Jorge Gosalbez Ruiz, Gregorio Chamorro, Miguel A. Zavala. A Multifactorial Approach to Value Supporting Ecosystem Services in Spanish Forests and Its Implications in a Warming World. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (2):358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia González-Díaz; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Jorge Gosalbez Ruiz; Gregorio Chamorro; Miguel A. Zavala. 2019. "A Multifactorial Approach to Value Supporting Ecosystem Services in Spanish Forests and Its Implications in a Warming World." Sustainability 11, no. 2: 358.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Climate change can impair ecosystem functions and services in extensive dry forests worldwide. However, attribution of climate change impacts on tree growth and forest productivity is challenging due to multiple inter-annual patterns of climatic variability associated with atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Moreover, growth responses to rising atmospheric CO2, namely carbon fertilization, as well as size ontogenetic changes can obscure the climate change signature as well. Here we apply Structural Equation Models (SEM) to investigate the relative role of climate change on tree growth in an extreme Mediterranean environment (i.e., extreme in terms of the combination of sandy-unconsolidated soils and climatic aridity). Specifically, we analyzed potential direct and indirect pathways by which different sources of climatic variability (i.e. warming and precipitation trends, the North Atlantic Oscillation, [NAO]; the Mediterranean Oscillation, [MOI]; the Atlantic Mediterranean Oscillation, [AMO]) affect aridity through their control on local climate (in terms of mean annual temperature and total annual precipitation), and subsequently tree productivity, in terms of basal area increments (BAI). Our results support the predominant role of Diameter at Breast Height (DHB) as the main growth driver. In terms of climate, NAO and AMO are the most important drivers of tree growth through their control of aridity (via effects of precipitation and temperature, respectively). Furthermore and contrary to current expectations, our findings also support a net positive role of climate warming on growth over the last 50 years and suggest that impacts of climate warming should be evaluated considering multi-annual and multi-decadal periods of local climate defined by atmospheric and oceanic circulation in the North Atlantic.

ACS Style

Jaime Madrigal-González; Enrique Andivia; Miguel A. Zavala; Markus Stoffel; Joaquín Calatayud; Raúl Sánchez-Salguero; Juan Ballesteros-Cánovas. Disentangling the relative role of climate change on tree growth in an extreme Mediterranean environment. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 642, 619 -628.

AMA Style

Jaime Madrigal-González, Enrique Andivia, Miguel A. Zavala, Markus Stoffel, Joaquín Calatayud, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, Juan Ballesteros-Cánovas. Disentangling the relative role of climate change on tree growth in an extreme Mediterranean environment. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 642 ():619-628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaime Madrigal-González; Enrique Andivia; Miguel A. Zavala; Markus Stoffel; Joaquín Calatayud; Raúl Sánchez-Salguero; Juan Ballesteros-Cánovas. 2018. "Disentangling the relative role of climate change on tree growth in an extreme Mediterranean environment." Science of The Total Environment 642, no. : 619-628.

Review
Published: 28 August 2018 in Sustainability
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Impacts of climate change are likely to be marked in areas with steep climatic transitions. Species turnover, spread of invasive species, altered productivity, and modified processes such as fire regimes can all spread rapidly along ecotones, which challenge the current paradigms of ecosystem management. We conducted a literature review at a continental-wide scale of South-Western European forests, where the drier and warmer conditions of the Mediterranean have been widely used as examples of what is expected in more temperate areas. Results from the literature point to: (a) an expansion of slow-growing evergreen hardwood trees; (b) increased dieback and mortality episodes in forests (both natural and planted) mostly related to competition and droughts, and mainly affecting conifers; and (c) an increase in emergent diseases and pests of keystone-trees used in agroforestry zones. There is no consensus in the literature that fire regimes are directly increasing due to climate change, but available satellite data of fire intensity in the last 17 years has been lower in zones where agroforestry practices are dominant compared to unmanaged forests. In contrast, there is agreement in the literature that the current spread of fire events is probably related to land abandonment patterns. The practice of agroforestry, common in all Mediterranean countries, emerges as a frequent recommendation in the literature to cope with drought, reduce fire risk, and maintain biodiverse landscapes and rural jobs. However, it is unknown the extent to which the open vegetation resulting from agroforestry is of interest to forest managers in temperate areas used to exploiting closed forest vegetation. Hence, many transitional areas surrounding the Mediterranean Basin may be left unmanaged with potentially higher climate-change risks, which require active monitoring in order to understand and help ongoing natural adaptation processes.

ACS Style

Juan F. Fernández-Manjarrés; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Miguel A. Zavala; J. Julio Camarero; Fernando Pulido; Vânia Proença; Laetitia Navarro; Roxane Sansilvestri; Elena Granda; Laura Marqués; Martina Temunovič; Cleo Bertelsmeier; Philippe Drobinski; Samuel Roturier; Marta Benito-Garzón; Iñaki García De Cortazar-Atauri; Laurent Simon; Stephane Dupas; Harold Levrel; Marion Sautier. Forest Adaptation to Climate Change along Steep Ecological Gradients: The Case of the Mediterranean-Temperate Transition in South-Western Europe. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3065 .

AMA Style

Juan F. Fernández-Manjarrés, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Miguel A. Zavala, J. Julio Camarero, Fernando Pulido, Vânia Proença, Laetitia Navarro, Roxane Sansilvestri, Elena Granda, Laura Marqués, Martina Temunovič, Cleo Bertelsmeier, Philippe Drobinski, Samuel Roturier, Marta Benito-Garzón, Iñaki García De Cortazar-Atauri, Laurent Simon, Stephane Dupas, Harold Levrel, Marion Sautier. Forest Adaptation to Climate Change along Steep Ecological Gradients: The Case of the Mediterranean-Temperate Transition in South-Western Europe. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3065.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan F. Fernández-Manjarrés; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Miguel A. Zavala; J. Julio Camarero; Fernando Pulido; Vânia Proença; Laetitia Navarro; Roxane Sansilvestri; Elena Granda; Laura Marqués; Martina Temunovič; Cleo Bertelsmeier; Philippe Drobinski; Samuel Roturier; Marta Benito-Garzón; Iñaki García De Cortazar-Atauri; Laurent Simon; Stephane Dupas; Harold Levrel; Marion Sautier. 2018. "Forest Adaptation to Climate Change along Steep Ecological Gradients: The Case of the Mediterranean-Temperate Transition in South-Western Europe." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3065.

Erratum
Published: 04 June 2018 in Scientific Reports
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Erratum: Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe

ACS Style

Jaime Madrigal-González; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Joaquin Calatayud; Gerald Kändler; Aleksi Lehtonen; Jonas Dahlgren; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala. Erratum: Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 46993 .

AMA Style

Jaime Madrigal-González, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Sophia Ratcliffe, Joaquin Calatayud, Gerald Kändler, Aleksi Lehtonen, Jonas Dahlgren, Christian Wirth, Miguel A. Zavala. Erratum: Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):46993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaime Madrigal-González; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Joaquin Calatayud; Gerald Kändler; Aleksi Lehtonen; Jonas Dahlgren; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala. 2018. "Erratum: Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 46993.

Article
Published: 04 June 2018 in Ecosphere
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Recruitment is a bottleneck for forest regeneration especially in semi‐arid Mediterranean environments. Ensuring natural forest regeneration is vital for preserving ecosystem function under climate warming and increased frequency and intensity of extreme droughts. Interspecific positive interactions are of paramount importance in these ecosystems. The net outcome of conspecific plant interactions in semi‐arid forests, however, has been less explored, particularly the range of environmental conditions for which juveniles benefit from nursing effects. We evaluated the direction and magnitude of intraspecific relationships between adults and juveniles of Pinus pinaster in a dry continental Mediterranean forest in the Iberian Peninsula. We measured the longitudinal shoot elongation of the last 15 yr and foliar functional traits in pine saplings growing under the canopy of adult pines and in open habitats. We examined the growth response to precipitation and the resilience and resistance of growth to two extreme drought events in 2005 and 2012. Our results show likely facilitation of saplings by adult conspecifics. Nursed saplings had a greater size relative to age, longer needles, and faster shoot elongation than saplings in open habitats. In addition, saplings under the canopy were more resistant and resilient to the first severe drought event. However, saplings grown in open habitats were more resilient to the second drought event, which might suggest a shift in the net balance of conspecific interactions with increased drought frequency and with tree ontogeny. These results have a direct application for the adaptation and restoration of semi‐arid forest ecosystems under climate change. Currently, adults are used as nurse plants to enhance survival and growth of juveniles. However, this positive effect on sapling performance might shift to negative under scenarios of increasing frequency and intensity of drought events.

ACS Style

Enrique Andivia; Jaime Madrigal-González; Pedro Villar-Salvador; Miguel A. Zavala. Do adult trees increase conspecific juvenile resilience to recurrent droughts? Implications for forest regeneration. Ecosphere 2018, 9, e02282 .

AMA Style

Enrique Andivia, Jaime Madrigal-González, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Miguel A. Zavala. Do adult trees increase conspecific juvenile resilience to recurrent droughts? Implications for forest regeneration. Ecosphere. 2018; 9 (6):e02282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrique Andivia; Jaime Madrigal-González; Pedro Villar-Salvador; Miguel A. Zavala. 2018. "Do adult trees increase conspecific juvenile resilience to recurrent droughts? Implications for forest regeneration." Ecosphere 9, no. 6: e02282.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2018 in Tree Physiology
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Drought and frosts are major determinants of plant functioning and distribution. Both stresses can cause xylem embolism and foliage damage. The objective of this study was to analyse if the distribution of six common pine species along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in Europe is related to their interspecific differences in frost tolerance and to the physiological mechanisms underlying species-specific frost tolerance. We also evaluate if frost tolerance depends on plant water status. We studied survival to a range of freezing temperatures in 2-year-old plants and assessed the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) due xylem embolism formation and foliage damage determined by needle electrolyte leakage (EL) after a single frost cycle to −15 °C and over a range of predawn water potential (ψpd) values. Species experiencing cold winters in their range (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus uncinata Raymond ex A. DC.) had the highest frost survival rates and lowest needle EL and soluble sugar (SS) concentration. In contrast, the pines inhabiting mild or cool winter locations (especially Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L. and, to a lesser extent, Pinus pinaster Ait.) had the lowest frost survival and highest needle EL and SS values. Freezing-induced PLC was very low and differences among species were not related to frost damage. Reduction in ψpd decreased leaf frost damage in P. pinea and P. sylvestris, increased it in P. uncinata and had a neutral effect on the rest of the species. This study demonstrates that freezing temperatures are a major environmental driver for pine distribution and suggests that interspecific differences in leaf frost sensitivity rather than vulnerability to freezing-induced embolism or SS explain pine juvenile frost survival.

ACS Style

Laura Fernández-Pérez; Pedro Villar-Salvador; Jordi Martínez-Vilalta; Andrei Toca; Miguel A. Zavala. Distribution of pines in the Iberian Peninsula agrees with species differences in foliage frost tolerance, not with vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism. Tree Physiology 2018, 38, 507 -516.

AMA Style

Laura Fernández-Pérez, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Andrei Toca, Miguel A. Zavala. Distribution of pines in the Iberian Peninsula agrees with species differences in foliage frost tolerance, not with vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism. Tree Physiology. 2018; 38 (4):507-516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Fernández-Pérez; Pedro Villar-Salvador; Jordi Martínez-Vilalta; Andrei Toca; Miguel A. Zavala. 2018. "Distribution of pines in the Iberian Peninsula agrees with species differences in foliage frost tolerance, not with vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism." Tree Physiology 38, no. 4: 507-516.

Chapter
Published: 13 December 2017 in Tree Physiology
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Oaks are a widely represented woody species across the main European forest biomes, ranging from semi-arid Mediterranean shrub lands to cool temperate and transitional boreal forests. We provide quantitative evidence of large-scale distribution and abundance patterns of oaks across Europe. In addition, we present key demographic processes, such as mortality, which underlie deterministic mechanisms behind large-scale distribution patterns; chiefly competitive exclusion and complementarity versus environmental filtering along the main energy-productivity gradient of Europe. Finally, we investigate the role of concomitant climate changes, land use legacies and management regimes as key drivers of future oak forest distribution in continental Europe. Overall, oak distribution and dominance at the population and community levels is largely determined by environmental filtering together with intra- and inter-specific functional differences as major elements driving oak species distribution and dominance at the population and community levels, but these processes are strongly modulated by global change which may result in a significant alteration of current distribution of European oak forests.

ACS Style

Jaime Madrigal-González; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Andreas Rigling; Christian Wirth; Niklaus E. Zimmermann; Roman Zweifel; Miguel A. Zavala. Competition Drives Oak Species Distribution and Functioning in Europe: Implications Under Global Change. Tree Physiology 2017, 513 -538.

AMA Style

Jaime Madrigal-González, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Sophia Ratcliffe, Andreas Rigling, Christian Wirth, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Roman Zweifel, Miguel A. Zavala. Competition Drives Oak Species Distribution and Functioning in Europe: Implications Under Global Change. Tree Physiology. 2017; ():513-538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaime Madrigal-González; Paloma Ruiz-Benito; Sophia Ratcliffe; Andreas Rigling; Christian Wirth; Niklaus E. Zimmermann; Roman Zweifel; Miguel A. Zavala. 2017. "Competition Drives Oak Species Distribution and Functioning in Europe: Implications Under Global Change." Tree Physiology , no. : 513-538.

Article
Published: 06 December 2017 in Ecological Applications
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Climate change in the Mediterranean, associated with warmer temperatures and more frequent droughts, is expected to impact forest productivity and the functioning of forests ecosystems as carbon reservoirs in the region. Climate warming can positively affect forest growth by extending the growing season, whereas increasing summer drought generally reduces forest productivity and may cause growth decline, trigger dieback, hamper regeneration, and increase mortality. Forest management could potentially counteract such negative effects by reducing stand density and thereby competition for water. The effectiveness of such interventions, however, has so far mostly been evaluated for short time periods at the tree and stand levels, which limits our confidence regarding the efficacy of thinning interventions over longer time scales under the complex interplay between climate, stand structure, and forest management. In this study, we use a century-long historical data set to assess the effects of climate and management on forest productivity. We consider rear-edge Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations covering continental and Mediterranean conditions along an altitudinal gradient in Central Spain. We use linear mixed-effects models to disentangle the effects of altitude, climate, and stand volume on forest growth and ingrowth (recruitment and young trees’ growth). We find that warming tends to benefit these tree populations, warmer winter temperature has a significant positive effect on both forest growth and ingrowth, and the effect is more pronounced at low elevations. However, drought conditions severely reduce growth and ingrowth, in particular when competition (stand volume) is high. We conclude that summer droughts are the main threat to Scots pine populations in the region, and that a reduction of stand volume can partially mitigate the negative impacts of more arid conditions. Mitigation and adaptation measures could therefore manage stand structure to adopt for the anticipated impacts of climate change in Mediterranean forest ecosystems.

ACS Style

Laura Marqués; Miguel A. Zavala; Jesús Julio Camarero; Florian Hartig; Jaime Madrigal-González. Last‐century forest productivity in a managed dry‐edge Scots pine population: the two sides of climate warming. Ecological Applications 2017, 28, 95 -105.

AMA Style

Laura Marqués, Miguel A. Zavala, Jesús Julio Camarero, Florian Hartig, Jaime Madrigal-González. Last‐century forest productivity in a managed dry‐edge Scots pine population: the two sides of climate warming. Ecological Applications. 2017; 28 (1):95-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Marqués; Miguel A. Zavala; Jesús Julio Camarero; Florian Hartig; Jaime Madrigal-González. 2017. "Last‐century forest productivity in a managed dry‐edge Scots pine population: the two sides of climate warming." Ecological Applications 28, no. 1: 95-105.

Letter
Published: 15 November 2017 in Ecology Letters
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Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade-offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade-offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for 'win-win' forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8-49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests.

ACS Style

Fons Plas; Sophia Ratcliffe; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen; Kris Verheyen; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala; Evy Ampoorter; Lander Baeten; Luc Barbaro; Cristina C. Bastias; Jürgen Bauhus; Raquel Benavides; Adam Benneter; Damien Bonal; Olivier Bouriaud; Helge Bruelheide; Filippo Bussotti; Monique Carnol; Bastien Castagneyrol; Yohan Charbonnier; Johannes H. C. Cornelissen; Jonas Dahlgren; Ewa Chećko; Andrea Coppi; Seid Muhie Dawud; Marc Deconchat; Pallieter De Smedt; Hans De Wandeler; Timo Domisch; Leena Finér; Mariangela Fotelli; Arthur Gessler; André Granier; Charlotte Grossiord; Virginie Guyot; Josephine Haase; Stephan Hättenschwiler; Hervé Jactel; Bogdan Jaroszewicz; François-Xavier Joly; Tommaso Jucker; Stephan Kambach; Gerald Kaendler; Jens Kattge; Julia Koricheva; Georges Kunstler; Aleksi Lehtonen; Mario Liebergesell; Peter Manning; Harriet Milligan; Sandra Müller; Bart Muys; Diem Nguyen; Charles Nock; Bettina Ohse; Alain Paquette; Josep Peñuelas; Martina Pollastrini; Kalliopi Radoglou; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Fabian Roger; Rupert Seidl; Federico Selvi; Jan Stenlid; Fernando Valladares; Johan Keer; Lars Vesterdal; Markus Fischer; Lars Gamfeldt; Eric Allan. Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality. Ecology Letters 2017, 21, 31 -42.

AMA Style

Fons Plas, Sophia Ratcliffe, Paloma Ruiz‐Benito, Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen, Kris Verheyen, Christian Wirth, Miguel A. Zavala, Evy Ampoorter, Lander Baeten, Luc Barbaro, Cristina C. Bastias, Jürgen Bauhus, Raquel Benavides, Adam Benneter, Damien Bonal, Olivier Bouriaud, Helge Bruelheide, Filippo Bussotti, Monique Carnol, Bastien Castagneyrol, Yohan Charbonnier, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Jonas Dahlgren, Ewa Chećko, Andrea Coppi, Seid Muhie Dawud, Marc Deconchat, Pallieter De Smedt, Hans De Wandeler, Timo Domisch, Leena Finér, Mariangela Fotelli, Arthur Gessler, André Granier, Charlotte Grossiord, Virginie Guyot, Josephine Haase, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Hervé Jactel, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, François-Xavier Joly, Tommaso Jucker, Stephan Kambach, Gerald Kaendler, Jens Kattge, Julia Koricheva, Georges Kunstler, Aleksi Lehtonen, Mario Liebergesell, Peter Manning, Harriet Milligan, Sandra Müller, Bart Muys, Diem Nguyen, Charles Nock, Bettina Ohse, Alain Paquette, Josep Peñuelas, Martina Pollastrini, Kalliopi Radoglou, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Fabian Roger, Rupert Seidl, Federico Selvi, Jan Stenlid, Fernando Valladares, Johan Keer, Lars Vesterdal, Markus Fischer, Lars Gamfeldt, Eric Allan. Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality. Ecology Letters. 2017; 21 (1):31-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fons Plas; Sophia Ratcliffe; Paloma Ruiz‐Benito; Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen; Kris Verheyen; Christian Wirth; Miguel A. Zavala; Evy Ampoorter; Lander Baeten; Luc Barbaro; Cristina C. Bastias; Jürgen Bauhus; Raquel Benavides; Adam Benneter; Damien Bonal; Olivier Bouriaud; Helge Bruelheide; Filippo Bussotti; Monique Carnol; Bastien Castagneyrol; Yohan Charbonnier; Johannes H. C. Cornelissen; Jonas Dahlgren; Ewa Chećko; Andrea Coppi; Seid Muhie Dawud; Marc Deconchat; Pallieter De Smedt; Hans De Wandeler; Timo Domisch; Leena Finér; Mariangela Fotelli; Arthur Gessler; André Granier; Charlotte Grossiord; Virginie Guyot; Josephine Haase; Stephan Hättenschwiler; Hervé Jactel; Bogdan Jaroszewicz; François-Xavier Joly; Tommaso Jucker; Stephan Kambach; Gerald Kaendler; Jens Kattge; Julia Koricheva; Georges Kunstler; Aleksi Lehtonen; Mario Liebergesell; Peter Manning; Harriet Milligan; Sandra Müller; Bart Muys; Diem Nguyen; Charles Nock; Bettina Ohse; Alain Paquette; Josep Peñuelas; Martina Pollastrini; Kalliopi Radoglou; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Fabian Roger; Rupert Seidl; Federico Selvi; Jan Stenlid; Fernando Valladares; Johan Keer; Lars Vesterdal; Markus Fischer; Lars Gamfeldt; Eric Allan. 2017. "Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality." Ecology Letters 21, no. 1: 31-42.