In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, a wide range of ocular and visual disorders are present. Tear film instability, inflammation and dysfunction of the ocular surface, and the presence of symptoms of visual disturbance characterize dry eye, a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface. Based on a literature search, we discuss the frequency, pathogenesis, and influence on the quality of life of patients with dry eye in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, we review the available means of diagnosis and management of dry eye. An improvement in awareness and recognition of dry eye is needed to provide suitable, personalized therapeutic options for PD patients, aiming to improve their quality of life, independence, and safety.

Background: Nocturia has a high prevalence in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and is known to be a bothersome symptom for people with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD). Objective: to characterize nocturia in a sample of PwPD, in relation to sleep, fatigue and other non-motor symptoms (NMS). Methods: we assessed 130 PwPD using a comprehensive battery of scales, which includes the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ), International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale (MDS-NMS), Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale version 2 (PDSS-2), Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), The Overactive Bladder Questionnaire-Short form (OABq-SF), and the Parkinson’s Fatigue Scale (PFS-16). Results: according to the positive answers to the item of the NMSQ related to nocturia, patients were divided into PwPD + nocturia, and PwPD − nocturia. Nocturia was reported by 112 patients (86.15%). Quality of life in PwPD + nocturia was worse than in PwPD − nocturia, according to the PDQ-39 scores (13.32 ± 9.00 vs. 26.29 ± 14.55, p < 0.001). Sleep was significantly disturbed in PwPD + nocturia compared to PwPD − nocturia, according to the total scores of various scales, such as PDSS-2, PFS-16. PwPD who complained of nocturia presented higher scores of several NMS. Conclusions: nocturia has a high prevalence in PwPD and it is associated with impaired sleep, fatigue, and reduced quality of life.

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) might worsen sleep quality and quality of life in people with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD). Objective: The main aim of the present study is to explore the associations between RLS and sleep, quality of life and other non-motor symptoms (NMS) in a sample of PwPD. Methods: We compared the clinical features of 131 PwPD with and without RLS, in a cross-sectional study. We used several validated scales for assessment: the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale (IRLS), Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale version 2 (PDSS-2), Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ) and International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale (MDS-NMS). Results: Thirty-five patients (26.71%) out of the total PwPD met the RLS diagnostic criteria, without significant differences between male (57.14%) and female (42.87%) (p = 0.431). Higher total scores of PDSS-2 were recorded among PwPD + RLS (p < 0.001), suggesting worse sleep quality. Significant correlations were observed between the diagnosis of RLS and some types of pain (especially nocturnal pain), physical fatigue and probable sleep-disordered breathing, according to the MDS-NMSS assessment. Conclusions: RLS has a high frequency in PwPD and it requires proper management, considering its consequences on sleep and quality of life.