Land use change threatens global biodiversity and compromises ecosystem functions, including pollination and food production. Reduced taxonomic α‐diversity is often reported under land use change, yet the impacts could be different at larger spatial scales (i.e., γ‐diversity), either due to reduced β‐diversity amplifying diversity loss or increased β‐diversity dampening diversity loss. Additionally, studies often focus on taxonomic diversity, while other important biodiversity components, including phylogenetic diversity, can exhibit differential responses. Here, we evaluated how agricultural and urban land use alters the taxonomic and phylogenetic α‐, β‐, and γ‐diversity of an important pollinator taxon—bees. Using a multicontinental dataset of 3117 bee assemblages from 157 studies, we found that taxonomic α‐diversity was reduced by 16%–18% in both agricultural and urban habitats relative to natural habitats. Phylogenetic α‐diversity was decreased by 11%–12% in agricultural and urban habitats. Compared with natural habitats, taxonomic and phylogenetic β‐diversity increased by 11% and 6% in urban habitats, respectively, but exhibited no systematic change in agricultural habitats. We detected a 22% decline in taxonomic γ‐diversity and a 17% decline in phylogenetic γ‐diversity in agricultural habitats, but γ‐diversity of urban habitats was not significantly different from natural habitats. These findings highlight the threat of agricultural expansions to large‐scale bee diversity due to systematic γ‐diversity decline. In addition, while both urbanization and agriculture lead to consistent declines in α‐diversity, their impacts on β‐ or γ‐diversity vary, highlighting the need to study the effects of land use change at multiple scales.

West African savannas are severely threatened with intensified land use and increasing degradation. Bees are important for terrestrial biodiversity as they provide native plant species with pollination services. However, little information is available regarding their mutualistic interactions with woody plant species. In the first network study from sub-Saharan West Africa, we investigated the effects of land-use intensity and climatic seasonality on plant–bee communities and their interaction networks. In total, we recorded 5686 interactions between 53 flowering woody plant species and 100 bee species. Bee-species richness and the number of interactions were higher in the low compared to medium and high land-use intensity sites. Bee- and plant-species richness and the number of interactions were higher in the dry compared to the rainy season. Plant–bee visitation networks were not strongly affected by land-use intensity; however, climatic seasonality had a strong effect on network architecture. Null-model corrected connectance and nestedness were higher in the dry compared to the rainy season. In addition, network specialization and null-model corrected modularity were lower in the dry compared to the rainy season. Our results suggest that in our study region, seasonal effects on mutualistic network architecture are more pronounced compared to land-use change effects. Nonetheless, the decrease in bee-species richness and the number of plant–bee interactions with an increase in land-use intensity highlights the importance of savanna conservation for maintaining bee diversity and the concomitant provision of ecosystem services.

The control of the pathogenic agent vectors necessarily involves knowing their breeding sites. This study aimed to identify the breeding sites of mosquitoes inside and around the University of Korhogo (Ivory Coast). The methodological approach consisted to carry out larval surveys for three months (July, August, September) covering the rainy season. A total of 83 larval breeding sites were identified inside the university and 165 larval breeding sites in the peripheral areas. Inside, only puddles of water and cement mixers were identified as larval breeding sites of mosquitoes, puddles of water being the most productive. On the contrary, around the university, a multiplicity of larval breeding sites (bowls, tires, cans, buckets, cans, flowerpots, canaries, kettles and puddles) was identified. Puddles of water were the most encountered lodgings. On the other hand, tires and canaries were the most productive larval breeding sites respectively. All the collected larvae during the study period, belong to three genera of mosquitoes Aedes (Meigen, 1818), Culex (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anopheles (Meigen, 1818). Aedes was the most abundant in number of individuals. Inside the university, five species Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), Culex nebulosus (Theobald, 1901), Culex tigripes (de Grandpré & d'Emmerez de Charmoy, 1900) and Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Giles 1902) were identified. In the peripheral areas of university, eight species Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex nebulosus, Culex tigripes, Culex decens (Theobald, 1901), Culex Cinereus (Theobald, 1901), Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus (Giles, 1900) were identified. The findings are very relevant because they could be used in vector-borne disease control strategies in the event of an epidemic.

This work aimed to assess the impact of different agrosystems on bees’ activity in beehives. Pan traps (UV-bright yellow, white and blue) were used to sample insects particularly honey bees and wild bees within mango and cashew orchards and compare them with those in unmanaged savanna. Ten beehives were installed in each agrosystem in order to monitor bees’ activity. A total of 283 bee specimens were caught during three months. The bee specimens found revealed three families (Apidae, Halictidae

Bees are the most important pollinators of many crops and wild plant species. The ecosystem service of pollination provided by these insects is crucial to maintain overall biodiversity and to secure crop yields worldwide. Especially improving the livelihood of smallholders in developing countries through higher crop yields is essential for achieving global food security and poverty reduction. However, ecosystem degradation, depletion of plant species, habitat fragmentation, use of insecticides a