Pseudohydnum, commonly known as cat's tongue mushrooms, is a monophyletic assemblage within Auriculariales, which encompasses species with gelatinous basidiomata, spathulate, flabellate, or shell-shaped pileus, hydnoid hymenophore, globose to ellipsoidal basidiospores, and longitudinally cruciate-septate basidia. According to the available literature, 16 species have been described in Pseudohydnum, mostly represented in temperate-boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the limited morphological, molecular, and ecological information, especially from the Southern Hemisphere ecosystems, does not presently allow a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries nor provide a complete picture of the species diversity in the genus. In an ongoing effort to examine specimens collected in dense and mixed ombrophilous forest fragments (Atlantic Rainforest domain) from Southeastern and Southern Brazil, additional taxa assigned to Pseudohydnum were identified. Four new species are recognized based mostly on characters of the pileus surface, stipe, hymenium, and basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode), partial nuc rDNA 28S, and partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) sequences supported the description of these new taxa. Here, we propose Pseudohydnum brasiliense, P. brunneovelutinum, P. cupulisnymphae, and P. viridimontanum as new species. Morphological descriptions, line drawings, habitat photos, and comparisons with closely related taxa are provided. A dichotomous key for identification of currently known Southern Hemisphere Pseudohydnum species is presented.

During nocturnal field expeditions in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, an unexpected bioluminescent fungus with reduced form was found. Based on morphological data, the taxon was first identified as belonging to the cyphelloid genus Maireina, but in our phylogenetic analyses, Maireina was recovered and confirmed as a paraphyletic group related to genera Merismodes and Cyphellopsis. Maireina filipendula, Ma. monacha, and Ma. subsphaerospora are herein transferred to Merismodes. Based upon morphological and molecular characters, the bioluminescent cyphelloid taxon is described as the new genus Eoscyphella, characterized by a vasiform to urceolate basidiomata, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, being pigmented, weakly to densely encrusted external hyphae, regularly bi-spored basidia, unclamped hyphae, and an absence of both conspicuous long external hairs and hymenial cystidia. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA and LSU rDNA support the proposal of the new genus and confirm its position in Cyphellopsidaceae. Eoscyphella luciurceolata represents a new lineage of bioluminescent basidiomycetes with reduced forms.

Chlorophyllum molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee is a widespread poisonous mushroom, which when consumed causes severe gastrointestinal distress, including stomach irritation, vomiting and diarrhea. It is reported for the first time from Piauí state, Brazil. This species is described, illustrated and accompanied by color photographs of fresh basidiomes. Comments on the taxonomy are presented.

A new Macrolepiota species from Brazil, M. capelariae, is proposed here based on morphological and molecular evidence. The description and illustrations are based on specimens collected in a remnant of the Atlantic Rainforest in São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. Analyses of nrITS sequences supported the recognition of this new species, in combination with morphological evidence, and revealed its phylogenetic placement in Macrolepiota sect. Macrolepiota. Macrolepiota capelariae is characterized by its medium to large and very tall basidiomata, light brown to pale greyish brown, brownish orange or clay brown pileus surface, ellipsoid to oblong, dextrinoid basidiospores with a distinct germ pore, narrowly clavate to sometimes clavate cheilocystidia, a trichodermal pileus covering composed of mostly clavate to narrowly clavate, thick-walled terminal elements, and absence of clamp connections. Nomenclatural types are deposited at the herbarium SP from the ‘Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais’, São Paulo, Brazil. A comparison with allied species is provided. An earlier varietal name proposed based on a Brazilian material, viz. Lepiota procera var. vulpina Rick, could corresponds to a synonym of the new taxa, but the lack of nomenclatural type, extant original herbarium specimens, and the record of confident distinctive characters for this variety prevent a reliable correlation with the new species proposed.

O Brasil é um país megadiverso, de magnitude continental e de grande importância bioeconômica no cenário mundial, além de possuir grande riqueza sociocultural e relacionada à diversidade de fungos em seus ecossistemas. A diversidade de fungos conhecida para o país está em torno de 13–14 mil espécies, incluindo cerca de 2.500 espécies de cogumelos. Mais de 400 espécies de cogumelos comestíveis silvestres já foram registradas para o Brasil, sendo mais de 80 espécies com registros consistentes de ocorrência no país. O consumo de cogumelos comestíveis silvestres no Brasil está associado principalmente ao conhecimento tradicional dos povos originários, sendo cerca de 45 espécies de cogumelos já registradas como comestíveis por comunidades indígenas. Apesar da grande diversidade de espécies comestíveis, o mercado nacional de cogumelos está concentrado na produção de espécies exóticas, com destaque para Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes e Pleurotus ostreatus. Estudos bem-sucedidos de domesticação e cultivo de isolados silvestres no país envolvem mais de 20 espécies comestíveis que ocorrem naturalmente nas matas brasileiras, representando um futuro promissor para a inserção de novas espécies no mercado nacional. A produção de cogumelos comestíveis no Brasil pode auxiliar no cumprimento de alguns dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Organização das Nações Unidas, principalmente aqueles relacionados à nutrição e segurança alimentar, saúde e bem-estar e produção e consumo sustentáveis. Atividades de divulgação científica, ciência cidadã, popularização da ciência, micoturismo e extrativismo de cogumelos comestíveis têm ganhado destaque nos últimos anos, contribuindo para a popularização do consumo e reconhecimento de cogumelos no país. Iniciativas relacionadas aos aspectos de conservação de espécies comestíveis silvestres têm avançado no país com a inclusão de espécies na Lista Vermelha da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza. Neste contexto, este artigo traz um recorte do conhecimento atual, dos avanços e das perspectivas sobre os cogumelos comestíveis no Brasil.