Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are acknowledged as one of the main factors contributing to chronic illnesses and fatalities globally. Numerous diseases, including bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections, can be brought on by MDR bacteria. Therefore, a crucial topic of continuing research is the development of a novel and different treatment for MDR microbial pathogens. This work is introduce an alternative method for elimination of MDR bacterial isolates which are causative agents of urinary tract infection among people in Egypt. In our study, we need a novel strategy to combat MDR bacteria by green-synthesized metal nanoparticles (MNPs). That is due to the ability of MNPs to penetrate the cell wall and the cell membrane of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Clinical isolates of MDR bacteria had their antibiotic susceptibility assessed before being molecularly identified using 16 s rRNA, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Also, genetic profiles of isolated strains were performed using ISSR and SDS-PAGE. Finally, characterized plant-mediated silver nanoparticles derived from lemon and pomegranate peel extracts were evaluated against isolated multidrug-resistant bacterial stains. In our present trial, one-hundred urine samples were collected from 71 females and 29 males complaining of UTI (urinary tract infection) symptoms. One-hundred microbial isolates were isolated, including 88-g negative and only 8-g positive bacteria in addition to four yeast isolates (Candida species). A total of 72% of the isolated bacteria showed MDR activity. The most prevalent MDR bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were identified through 16S rDNA PCR sequencing as with accession numbers OP741103, OP741104, OP741105, OP741106, and OP741107, respectively. Lemon and pomegranate-mediated silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] were characterized by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and TEM with average size 32 and 28 nm, respectively. Lemon and pomegranate-mediated silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] showed an inhibitory effect on the selected five MDR isolates at MIC 50 and 30 µg/mL, respectively. These common bacterial isolates were also genetically examined using ISSR PCR, and their total protein level was evaluated using SDS-PAGE, showing the presence of distinct genetic and protein bands for each bacterial species and emphasizing their general and protein composition as a crucial and essential tool in understanding and overcoming MDR behavior in UTI patients. Lemon and pomegranate-mediated silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] were found to have an inhibitory effect on MDR isolates. Therefore, the study suggests that [Ag-NPs] could be a potential treatment for MDR UTI infections caused by the identified bacterial species.

Since copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have antibacterial qualities, they are extremely helpful in many disciplines, including medicine. Utilizing data from FTIR, zeta potential, DLS, EDX, SEM, and UV–vis, the characteristics of the generated CuO-NPs were examined. CuO-NPs were found to have a spherical form, a surface charge of − 32.5 mV, and a maximum absorbance at 260 nm. Utilizing various methods, the produced CuO-NPs were tested for their antibacterial and anticancer qualities. On agar plates, CuO-NPs made from Mentha spicata leaf extract show fatal activity against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 at high doses (0.5 mg/mL) includes a 16 mm diameter inhibitory zone. For CuO-NPs, the MIC was found to be 0.25 mg/mL. Furthermore, A dosage of 0.0625 mg/mL CuO-NPs was effective against the biofilm formation of S. mutans ATCC 25175 without affecting the growth of planktonic cells. Based on the findings, the dihydroorotase synthase (DHPR) may be partially or fully responsible for the activity, with the primary interaction seen being the hydrophobic contact with the amino acid residues in the pocket’s active site. It was demonstrated that CuO-NPs reduced OECM-1 cancer cells by 95.8% at a dose of 62.5 μg/mL. It was found that CuO-NPs had an IC ₅₀ value of 227.3 μg/mL on these cells.

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections [UTIs] are considered the third most known risk of infection in human health around the world. There is increasing appreciation for the pathogenicity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains in UTIs, aside from fungal infection, as they have numerous virulence factors. Materials and Methods: In this study, fifty urine samples were collected from patients suffering from UTI. Among the isolates of UTI microbes, six isolates were described as MDR isolates after an antibiotic susceptibility test carried out using ten different antibiotics. An alternative treatment for microbial elimination involved the use of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Solanum lycopersicum [S. cumin]. Results: The sizes and shapes of AgNPs were characterized through TEM imaging, which showed spherical particles in a size range of 35–80 nm, of which the average size was 53 nm. Additionally, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) demonstrated inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (OR648079), exhibiting a 31 mm zone of inhibition at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 8 mg/mL. This was followed by Aspergillus niger (OR648075), which showed a 30 mm inhibition zone at an MIC of 16 mg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 32 mg/mL. Then, Enterococcus faecalis (OR648078), Klebsiella pneumoniae (OR648081), and Acinetobacter baumannii (OR648080) each displayed a 29 mm zone of inhibition at an MIC of 8 mg/mL and an MBC of 16 mg/mL. The least inhibition was observed against Candida auris (OR648076), with a 25 mm inhibition zone at an MIC of 16 mg/mL and an MFC of 32 mg/mL. Furthermore, AgNPs at different concentrations removed DPPH and H₂O₂ at an IC50 value of 13.54 μg/mL. Also, AgNPs at 3 mg/mL showed remarkable DNA fragmentation in all bacterial strains except Enterococcus faecalis. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different active organic components in the plant extract, which concluded that rutin was 88.3 mg/g, garlic acid was 70.4 mg/g, and tannic acid was 23.7 mg/g. Finally, AgNPs concentrations in the range of 3–6 mg/mL showed decreased expression of two of the fundamental genes necessary for biofilm formation within Staphylococcus aureus, fnbA (6 folds), and Cna (12.5 folds) when compared with the RecA gene, which decreased by one-fold when compared with the control sample. These two genes were submitted with NCBI accession numbers [OR682119] and [OR682118], respectively. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate that biosynthesized AgNPs from Solanum lycopersicum exhibit promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against UTI pathogens, including strains resistant to multiple antibiotics. This suggests their potential as an effective alternative treatment for UTIs. Further research is warranted to fully understand the mechanisms of action and to explore the therapeutic applications of these nanoparticles in combating UTIs.

Growing concerns over the toxicity and environmental impact of traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods have driven the search for safer, more sustainable alternatives. At the same time, the rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the ongoing challenges in effective cancer treatment emphasize the urgent need for new antimicrobial and anticancer solutions. The manufacture of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag₂O-NPs) is investigated in this work using Psidium guajava (guava) leaves extract, focusing on their dual biological potential. The use of dangerous chemicals is reduced by this green synthesis technique by employing natural phytochemicals from guava leaves as stabilizing and reducing agents, making it more environmentally friendly compared to traditional chemical approaches. At 435 nm, the biosynthesized Ag₂O-NPs displayed a distinctive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. With a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.368. Nanocrystalline, mostly spherical Ag₂O-NPs with an average size of 25 to 30 nm were successfully formed, according to thorough characterization utilizing FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX. These nanoparticles demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against four clinically relevant, drug-resistant bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 31.2 to 250 µg/mL, indicating a dose-dependent antibacterial action. Notably, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed the highest sensitivity. Cytotoxicity testing further revealed selective anticancer activity, with the Ag₂O-NPs significantly reducing the viability of HepG2 liver cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 73.93 ± 0.49 µg/mL), while displaying lower toxicity toward normal Vero cells (IC₅₀ = 158.1 ± 0.41 µg/mL). These findings suggest that green-synthesized Ag₂O-NPs hold considerable promise as both potent antibacterial agents and effective anticancer therapeutics.