Low- and middle-income countries lag behind in research that is related to the construction industry and the waste problems that the sector is facing. Literature shows that waste reduction and recycling have received a continuous interest from researchers, but mainly from developed countries. Few reports from low- and middle-income countries are concerned about the reuse of masonry, concrete, and mortar in clay based building ceramics or recycling construction waste, but mostly in relation to concrete aggregates. Furthermore, few authors have described the major barriers and motivations for construction waste reduction. The objective of this paper is to report the findings on a research performed in Costa Rica with the objective to determine the barriers and motivations that the construction sector is facing to improve the management of the construction materials. The study is based on data collected in two phases. During the first phase, a survey was sent via e-mail to 419 main contractors registered at the School Federation of Engineers and Architects (CFIA). The second phase consisted of a focus group discussion with 49 professionals from the construction industry to analyse and validate the findings from the survey. Descriptive statistic methods helped to draw the conclusions. The result of the research is a comprehensive list of observed barriers and motivations for waste reduction practices in the construction sector. These are not only applicable to Costa Rica, but can be used as a guide for similar studies in other low- and middle-income countries.

Urbanization, population growth, increased consumption, infrastructure, and housing needs are some of the factors that result in increased waste. Recycling has been a crucial way to reduce the amount of materials that end up in disposal sites and is how citizens, more aware of the impacts on the environment, participate in some of the schemes to reduce waste. Zero waste is an approach developed to preserve the finite resources available, but major barriers are hindering its efficient and effective implementation. This study intended to unveil those barriers in the Costa Rican construction sector and to propose measures to increase the recycling rates. In order to achieve the objective, construction companies, cement producers, waste managers, personnel of refuse material facilities, waste transformers, construction material distributors, and a director of the Ministry of Health were interviewed to determine the challenges in the valorization of concrete, wood, metal, and packaging waste materials. This article reports the findings, which include, among others, the fact that most construction companies dispose the waste without any separation, except for metals. The cement producer companies do not participate in any form of collection system in spite of the available technology and equipment and the absence of innovative technologies for the transformation of materials.

Costa Rica followed different steps in order to organise and implement a waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management system. This paper summarises the challenges, successes, and limitations of its implementation. Two phases were needed to set up the system. The first phase created a baseline followed by the designing of a strategy. The second phase promoted a Decree for WEEE management that prohibits discarding WEEE together with household waste, as well as the creation of a National Executive Committee with representatives of importers, consumers, and government, which will establish the quotes and treatment fees, and so on. Another outcome was the development of a strategy for the implementation of WEEE management for the country, the promotion of population awareness about their responsibility for WEEE management, and an example set up for other Latin American countries. This paper draws conclusions from the regulation and notes the required consistency with the existing national waste legislation in order to reduce approval times. Additionally, the importance of the participation of stakeholders representing different electric and electronic equipment (EEE) sectors with the purpose of obtaining consensus on agreements is highlighted.

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La ingesta de microplásticos (MPs) en diversas especies marinas ha sido reportada en la literatura, sin embargo, el grado de contaminación en los sistemas y la biota asociada a estos es poco conocido. En este estudio se presentan los resultados de la presencia de microplásticos en siete especies de peces pelágicos y de una especie de crustáceo bentónico, todos de alto nivel trófico del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas. Mediante digestión química e inspección visual se extrajeron microplásticos del sistema digestivo de 56 individuos. Un total de 90 piezas fueron extraídas del 89% de los peces (93% fibras) con 3,75±1,70 (SD) microplástico/pez. Se determinó una cantidad significativamente menor en los crustáceos con un total de 58 piezas extraídas del 76% de los individuos analizados con 2,64±1,36 (CF) microplástico/jaiba. Se realiza una búsqueda de microplásticos en tejidos musculares mediante la técnica de histología y se encontraron lesiones en el tejido muscular de los peces, pero los resultados no fueron atribuibles a MP, por ende, no se ahondará en estos datos. Este artículo reporta la presencia de estos contaminantes en especies marinas de alto nivel trófico en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica, lo cual confirma la afectación por plásticos en la zona de estudio, reforzándose la necesidad de una gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos generados por la población, tanto en la zona terrestre como en la zona marítima.