To further improve air quality in China, especially ozone and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), additional reductions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are needed. Evaporative emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE) and hybrid vehicles are known to be an important source of VOCs in urban cities, which can be efficiently reduced through the introduction of more stringent regulatory standards. The most stringent global standards for evaporative emissions are the U.S. Tier 3 light-duty vehicle standards. This study compares the evaporative emissions of light-duty ICE vehicles designed to China 6 and U.S. Tier 3 regulations for both China and U.S. test conditions. Data are analyzed from manufacturer testing of full vehicle evaporative emissions conducted in the laboratory following U.S. Tier 3 and China 6 certification test methods utilizing Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (SHED) chambers equipped with Flame Ionization Detection (FID) analyzers. Vehicles designed to U.S. Tier 3 standards are observed to have 64% lower diurnal and hot soak evaporative emissions and 98% lower canister bleed emissions relative to vehicles designed to China 6 standards. U.S. Tier 3, U.S. Tier 2, and China 6 light-duty evaporative emission certification values submitted by manufacturers are also compared. The average of all current U.S. Tier 3 certifications is, on average, 52.4% lower than the average of all China 6 certifications. The results from the testing and data analysis of five vehicles, with comparison to the certification data, suggest that the introduction of standards equivalent in stringency to U.S. Tier 3 in China can significantly reduce evaporative emissions relative to China 6.

Due to the issues of low flame speed and high CH₄ emissions for a natural gas engine, investigations into the partial oxidation fuel reforming (POFR) method used in natural gas engines to blend H₂ have become increasingly valuable. In this paper, the combustion process, engine performance, and emissions of a natural gas engine with fuel-reforming gases blended together have been numerically studied. The results show that a higher fuel-reforming ratio can effectively improve the engine combustion performance, especially at lean-burn conditions. Combustion with reformed gases can increase the thermal efficiency by almost 2% at the full-load condition, whereas fuel reforming significantly affects the natural gas engine’s power performance. Furthermore, CH₄ and NO_X emissions decrease significantly with increasing fuel-reforming ratio. In conclusion, fuel reforming for a natural gas engine has a promising future in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving economic performance.