Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified as a Class I animal disease in China and listed as one of the notifiable animal diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). It significantly impacts the safe production of livestock and the trade of animals and related products. China’s Yunnan Province shares a 710 km border with Laos, with frequent cross-border trade, and the cross-border flow of animals and related products occurs from time to time. In order to prevent the introduction of FMD from the border areas of Laos into China, this study conducted an assessment of the entry, exposure, and consequences of FMD transmission. The findings revealed a “high” risk in terms of entry assessment, a “medium” risk in exposure assessment, and a “high” risk in the consequence assessment. Based on these assessments, the overall risk level for the introduction of FMD from Laos into China is determined to be “high”. Therefore, it is recommended that management measures are implemented, such as restricting animal movement across borders and strengthening inspection procedures for animals entering China, to effectively prevent FMD introduction from Laos.

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious, non-contagious viral disease of ruminants caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and is transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides. In 2008, EHD was listed on the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. This article reviews the distribution of EHD in China and relevant studies and proposes several suggestions for the prevention and control of EHD. There have been reports of positivity for serum antibodies against EHDV-1, EHDV-2, EHDV-5, EHDV-6, EHDV-7, EHDV-8 and EHDV-10 in China. Strains of EHDV-1, -5, -6, -7, -8 and -10 have been isolated, among which the Seg-2, Seg-3 and Seg-6 sequences of serotypes -5, -6, -7 and -10 belong to the eastern topotype. The emergence of western topotype Seg-2 in EHDV-1 strains indicates that EHDV-1 strains in China are reassortant strains of the western and eastern topotypes. A novel serotype strain of EHDV named YNDH/V079/2018 was isolated in 2018. Chinese scholars have successfully expressed the EHDV VP7 protein and developed a variety of ELISA detection methods, including antigen capture ELISA and competitive ELISA. A variety of EHDV nucleic acid detection methods, including RT–PCR and qRT–PCR, have also been developed. LAMP and the liquid chip detection technique are also available. To prevent and control EHD, several suggestions for controlling EHD transmission have been proposed based on the actual situation in China, including controlling the number of Culicoides, reducing contact between Culicoides and hosts, continued monitoring of EHDV and Culicoides in different areas of China and further development and application of basic and pioneering research related to EHD prevention and control.

Bluetongue (BT) is a vector‐borne viral disease caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV), which can affect a variety of wild and domestic ruminants. Due to its significant impact on ruminant health and national economies, BT is classified as a notifiable multispecies disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). In China, BT is listed as a Class II multispecies animal disease. This article provides a comprehensive review of the distribution of BTV and its primary insect vector, Culicoides , in China. Since BTV was first reported in China in 1979, BTV antibody‐positive samples have been detected in most parts of the country, with a total of 17 serotypes of BTV isolated (BTV‐1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, and 29). Culicoides are widely distributed across China. Currently, studies have been conducted on climatic factors influencing their distribution and blood‐sucking habits. To improve the efficiency of BTV detection in China, various detection methods have been explored, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), bio‐bar code assay (BCA) for viral detection, as well as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and colloidal gold immunochromatography test strips for antibody detection. Additionally, inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and recombinant vaccines were also investigated. This review summarizes the current knowledge on BTV vectors, viruses, and surveillance, as well as the development of BT vaccines in China. In light of the current situation of BT in China, it proposes comprehensive prevention and control recommendations, including enhancing awareness of the hazards of BT, implementing an integrated prevention and control technology system, and strengthening research related to BT prevention and control.

Timely detection of specific antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is critical to effective prevention and control of the disease. In this study, we developed a competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (cCLEIA) based on recombinant FMDV VP2 protein (FMDV-VP2 cCLEIA) for simultaneous detection of antibodies against FMDV serotypes O and A in serum samples. Using a cut-off of 35% percentage inhibition (PI), the FMDV-VP2 cCLEIA achieved a relative sensitivity of 101.5% and a relative specificity of 102% compared with commercial FMDV serotypes O and A liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) kits. The assay showed high specificity for detection of antibodies against FMDV serotypes A and O, with no cross-reactivity observed against positive sera for classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and Senecavirus A. Both intra-batch and inter-batch coefficients of variation were below 15%, confirming excellent assay reproducibility. The testing of 40 field serum samples yielded a positive detection rate of 95% using the FMDV-VP2 cCLEIA, compared with 92.5% using the FMDV serotypes O and A LPBE kits. In conclusion, the FMDV-VP2 cCLEIA developed is a rapid, sensitive assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies against FMDV serotypes O and A, which may offer a valuable tool for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) surveillance and control programs.

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious viral disease caused by the foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV). Serological testing for FMDV antibodies is an effective method to assess the immune response following vaccination. In this study, 36,510 bovine blood samples were collected from both households and farms across 8 districts of Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, between January 2021 and December 2022. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect serum antibodies. The results indicated that the seropositivity rates of O‐type FMDV antibodies in eight regions (A–H) of Tongliao City during 2021–2022 ranged from 73.09% to 100% in 2021 and 83.75%–100% in 2022, respectively. Significant differences were observed among the regions. In 2021, the immune protection levels of A‐type FMDV antibodies in Regions B and G were below 70%, at 65.38% and 68.40%, respectively. In 2021, the positive rates of FMDV O‐type and A‐type antibodies were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) on farms compared to households, indicating a higher trend in farms. However, in 2022, no significant difference was observed between farms and households ( p > 0.05). Seasonally, the positive rates of O‐type and A‐type FMDV antibodies in spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2021 were 80.81%–97.67% and 78.27%–94.07%, respectively, while in 2022, they were 83.18%–96.50% and 80.14%–94.76%, respectively. During the period from 2021 to 2022, FMD immunization efforts in various regions of Tongliao City achieved generally satisfactory immunization outcomes. However, Regions B and G require enhanced immunization and reevaluation. This information serves as a valuable reference for the formulation of prevention and control strategies for FMD Serotypes O and A.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is?a?serious acute, highly contagious disease caused by?the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). This study aims to?establish a?qRT-PCR assay with an?internal amplification control for the rapid and accurat...