This study examines how corporate sustainability reporting affects the corporate risk-taking of Chinese firms based on a sample size of 5356 companies for the period 2011–2023. We examined the overall impact of CSR on CRT, as well as the individual impact of CSR subcomponents such as environmental (CESR), social (CSSR), and governance (CGSR). We further examined how this relationship is affected by moderating variables such as employees’ education and financial flexibility. We used the PCSE technique for cross-sectional dependence and heteroscedasticity in our analysis. But to ensure robustness and address the potential endogeneity, we used the 2SLS and two-step system GMM dynamic panel methods. This study also checks the mechanism analysis and heterogeneity analysis based on revenue growth and firm sizes, respectively. The results states that CSR and its subcomponents (CESR, CSSR, and CGSR) reduce the CRT of the Chinese companies, and this reducing impact becomes stronger when moderated by the employees’ education and financial flexibility of the firms. These results show why sustainability reporting and practices are important for reducing CRT. This research underscores the need for firms to adopt sustainable corporate governance frameworks and highlights the pivotal role of organizational factors in reinforcing the risk-reducing benefits of sustainability initiatives.