Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are a prime choice for substitute electricity producers. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA), bipolar electrodes, and current collectors belong to only a limited number of primary parts of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Bipolar plates are among the most famous elements in the fuel cell; they are responsible for the electrochemical reaction, as well as the flow of gases from one bipolar plate to another. A bipolar plate is to be a good electro-conducting, non-corrosive, and a high mechanical strength product. The attainability of the specification is achieved by graphite and metallic materials, each one having its own merits and demerits that are discussed in this article. Likewise, making the second pass for the flow pattern is equally important for the cell to have good performance and efficiency. The emergence of innovative and new bipolar plate designs has caused the achievement of high performance of these plates. The present review article principally focuses on the experimental study of diverse flow fields in the design of PEMFC and on the influence of various geometrical properties on the general operation of fuel cells made of PEMFC, and also on the manufacturing procedure utilized for building contemporary fuel cells.

This paper presents the development of a multilayered single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based temperature sensor fabricated using a spray coating process on a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensor showed negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior, with a decrease in resistance change as the temperature increased from 293 to 383 K. It exhibited a high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) at -1.99/K (295 to 323 K) and a fast response time of 2.8 seconds. The sensor’s flexibility was tested by varying the bending radius from 21.8 to 10.9 mm and the sensor displayed consistent performance under mechanical deformation. The uniformity, roughness, and surface morphology of the coated CNTs were measured. The sensors accuracy and repeatability were assessed through controlled heating and cooling cycles. The stability and reliability of the sensor are improved by optimizing the coating parameters, fabrication method, and device design. The sensor showed consistency and long-term stability demonstrating its reliability for practical applications in conformal settings. The flexible CNT sensors presented in this paper offer the potential to be applied for temperature sensing in conformal and flexible fitting applications, for example, temperature detection in electric vehicle (EV) battery cells.

In recent times, electric two-wheelers (ETWs) are changing the face of the global automotive market. This study focused on selecting the proper material and mechanical isolation gap to design a protective enclosure for the battery pack of ETW. The integration of the failure, modes, mechanism and effect analysis (FMMEA) method is utilized to develop the interface matrix and the severity index of different components of the enclosure. By analysing different forces from the road conditions, dynamics during turn, acceleration and deceleration with the enclosure, it becomes a crucial load-bearing element. Employing finite element modelling (FEM), structural strength using materials like AL6061, Q235, C22000, DC01 and Teflon is assessed under varying static, dynamic and thermal conditions. Modal analysis is conducted to observe the excitation frequencies where the maximum deformation for the metal enclosure is observed beyond 500 Hz. AL6061 material that can withstand the stresses and deformations that are under allowable stress limits with negligible deformation is the most preferable material based on the results. A minimum of 2.5-mm gap is to be provided in case of metal enclosure and 10 mm in case of Teflon is proven.