Osteoporotic vertebral fracture is the most common fracture from osteoporosis, and are largely undiagnosed due to the mostly asymptomatic nature of the condition. It increases the risk of subsequent fractures and contributes to societal burden. Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures are found in the WHO fracture risk assessment model and used as a tool for monitoring bone health. Vertebral fractures are diagnosed from anteroposterior and lateral spine radiographs and are confirmed with an approximate loss of 20% vertebral height as compared to adjacent vertebrae. One of the most used grading for vertebral fractures is the SQ grading. Mild vertebral fractures could easily be misdiagnosed due to some peculiarities of the vertebral column. CT scan is useful for planning surgical intervention while an MRI scan can provide information about the recency of the fracture and rule out cancer-related fractures. Management depends on the severity of the fracture which could range from conservative management to surgical vertebral augmentation and decompression. Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis in acute and long-term management of fractures. Osteoimmunological therapies such as denosumab and romosozumab are new therapeutic interventions for osteoporosis while there are many other potential treatment options. Precision medicine provides an individualized treatment approach while regenerative medicine utilizes mesenchymal stem cells for fracture repair.

Introduction: ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) help in detecting early ischemic changes in stroke patients. This scoring system helps in predicting the stroke outcome, treatment options like thrombolysis and prognosis. It is a 10-point scaling system based on anatomical regions supplied by the middle cerebral artery and each point is subtracted for areas with ischemic changes. Aims and objectives: To study the effectiveness of the ASPECTS scoring in the assessment of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation stroke. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed on stroke patients referred to our institute for an NCCT scan. 40 stroke patients with a mean age of 59+/-3 years were selected and patients with intracranial hemorrhage or hemorrhagic transformation of infarct were excluded. Scans were performed on a 128-slice multidetector CT PHILIPS Perspective scanner. The ASPECTS score was determined using standardised axial CT cuts. Result: In this case series study of 40 patients, a total of 28 patients (70%) had a score of 7 or more and these patients had better prognoses with proper treatment and follow-up. The remaining 12 patients (30%) had a score of less than 7 and even with treatment and sequential follow-up, they had no neurological recovery. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the ASPECTS can be used as a tool for predicting treatment outcomes in stroke patients. A score of 7 or more is associated with a good prognosis.

Presenting a case report about an occurrence of duodeno-duodenal intussusception in a 17-year-old female patient. Intussusception is typically observed in children. The patient has a history of recurrent pain and vomiting for four days. During the examination tenderness in the epigastric area worsened when the legs were elevated. An initial X-ray of the abdomen was done and the findings were normal. Subsequent ultrasound and abdominal CECT scans of the abdomen revealed intussusception involving the 2^nd, 3^rd, and 4^th part of the duodenum ampulla of Vater and pancreas without any identifiable cause for this condition. There was no abnormal thickening of the wall. This case shows how using radiological imaging and surgical management helps to prevent severe complications in cases like duodeno-duodenal intussusception in adults.

Background Prostate cancer is a malignancy that originates in the prostate gland,and can vary in aggressiveness, often requiring a combination of diagnostic methods and imaging for accurate detection and management. In an attempt to ensure timely diagnosis and prevent complications, the choice of the right diagnostic modality becomes crucial. MRI has gained prominence in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. MRI aids prostate cancer diagnosis by pinpointing suspicious areas for in-depth investigation and guiding precise biopsies, enhancing accuracy. It also informs treatment plans by visualizing tumour extent and assists in monitoring disease progression during active surveillance. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to ascertain the accuracy of MRI in diagnosing prostate cancer. Methodology Medical literature was comprehensively searched and reviewed without restrictions to particular study designs, or publication dates using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases for all relevant literature. The extraction of necessary data proceeded after specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. In this Meta-Analysis, A total of 47 RCTs with 13,211 subjects were selected for comparing Multiparametric MRI vs. Gold Standard and A total of 23 RCTs with 3440 subjects were selected for comparing Biparametric MRI vs Gold Standard. Two writers independently assessed the calibre of each study as well as the use of the Cochrane tool for bias risk apprehension. The statistical software packages RevMan (Review Manager, version 5.3), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20), and Excel in Stata 14 were used to perform the statistical analyses. Results We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of multiparametric as well as biparametric MRI. The Multiparametric MRI demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.83 - 0.85) and specificity of 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 - 0.70). Meanwhile, Biparametric MRI shows a sensitivity of 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.84 - 0.86) and specificity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.69 - 0.73). Conclusion In conclusion, both Multiparametric MRI and Biparametric MRI exhibit high sensitivity values of 0.84 and 0.85, respectively, indicating their ability to accurately detect prostate cancer. MRI is a robust diagnostic tool for prostate cancer due to its high-resolution imaging and multiparametric approach. It enables targeted biopsies, informs treatment plans, and aids in active surveillance.

Presenting a case report on the occurrence of IgA nephropathy with hepatitis B infection in a 32-year-old male patient with main complaints of generalized weakness, easy fatigue, and bilateral swelling of the lower extremities. IgA nephropathy (IgAN), or Berger’s disease, is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It is characterized by the formation of IgA1-containing circulating immune complexes and their deposition in the glomerular mesangium. Its etiology remains multifactorial and often idiopathic. IgA nephropathy alone does not have an infectious etiology; instead, it usually develops in conjunction with an infectious condition that triggers a dysregulated immune response. There is no proof that any particular infectious agent is the secondary cause of IgA nephropathy. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an infectious agent associated with renal complications, including IgA nephropathy. Symptoms include gross haematuria and mild proteinuria indicative of renal involvement. Laboratory investigations and serological tests are followed by imaging studies such as ultrasound and renal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The challenges encountered during the diagnostic process included overlapping symptoms and limitations of available diagnostic tests, highlighting the need for comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and multidisciplinary management approaches in similar cases. This case underscores the importance of recognizing and managing both conditions simultaneously to prevent long-term complications such as end-stage renal disease.

Introduction: Diagnosing and stage breast cancer with an easy and widely useable method that can be employed worldwide in the poorest and wealthiest settings is important. Mammography is a technique that might not be available in faraway clinics and it is technically challenging whereas USG can be available in most remote areas and small hospitals far from tertiary care hospitals. Even a trainee Radiology resident can use USG BIRADS and can be used diagnostically for that, it is important to define its, diagnostic accuracy with Sensitivity, Specificity and other diagnostic parameters. Aims: - To determine the Diagnostic accuracy of USG BIRADS compared to the gold standard Histopathology report Methodology A Retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. a total of 84 female patients presenting to Surgical OPD with complaints of a breast lump or pain were enrolled from their records. Their Breast USG results were analysed to correctly identify their BIRADS stage and then their corresponding Histopathology report was taken into account as the gold standard to compare the USG results against. Excel, SPSS and Revman were used to conduct analysis and create results. Results: - 36 of these 84 patients belonged to BIRADS 1, 2, and 5 where Sensitivity, Specificity and PPV were calculated at 100%. No one was diagnosed with BIRADS III from USG reports. For USG BIRADS 4, in total 48 patients Sensitivity was 0.667, specificity was 0.883, and PPV was 0.364. Conclusion: - Patients whose USG show Benign growth or can be diagnosed in BIRADS 1, 2, 3, and 5 can be counted as accurate and precise. When the USG diagnosis describes the patient to be in BIRADS 4, the sensitivity and PPV show poor results showing a very low probability of the patient being truly positive when the diagnosis gives a positive result.