The aim of the text is to discuss the use of technologies in Physical Education (PE) at schools. The research focused on the pupils of an upper-primary school/lower-secondary school, who were given experimental PE for a period of 10 weeks. The research objective was to identify typical groups of students on the basis of their physical performances and motivation. Unifittest 6-60, a standardized motor-skills test, was used to measure physical performances, and the Czech translation of SIMS, a Canadian–American standardized test, was used to specify the degree of motivation. Based on the obtained data, the method of cluster analysis identified three typical groups of pupils. These three groups differ in their approach to the use of mobile applications in the process of PE. The research results show that thanks to the implementation of mobile phones in the process of PE and thanks to a different approach taken by the teacher, increased internal motivation and an increase in identified regulation can be seen, as well as a decrease in amotivation and a rapid increase in motor performances, especially in the case of students whose performances are average or below average in usual PE classes.

The presented study focuses on pedagogical communication and interaction occurring in teaching with the presence of a teaching assistant. The aim was to enhance understanding of pedagogical communication and interaction in these classrooms. To achieve this goal, an analysis of teaching sessions was undertaken from the perspective of activities (interactions and communication) assumed by the teaching assistant during instruction. The research methodology relies on standardized observation, specifically employing the Flanders Interaction Analysis System, which investigates communication and interaction within the classroom environment. For observing teaching sessions with teaching assistants, 16 categories were developed and refined through pilot testing. Validation was conducted using video analysis. In total, 15 teaching sessions were recorded and subsequently analyzed. Specialized software Codenet was utilized for video data analysis, with a set time interval of 3 s. The data analysis revealed several crucial insights into the communication and interaction of teaching assistants and teachers in an educational context. Some categories, such as the preparation of teaching aids and those related to passivity, predominate, while others, including active involvement in teaching or introducing new educational content, are notably absent. Understanding these patterns may lead to optimizing the role of the teaching assistant in supporting individual students and classroom dynamics. The article discusses inclusive practices of teaching assistants, without distinguishing between students with special educational needs and typically developing peers. Inclusive education promotes social and environmental sustainability by fostering a sense of belonging and equality among students.

Introduction: The authors consider a book (as a pedagogical text) a traditional and timeless source of knowledge for many different groups of learners. It is a known fact that textbook authors, teachers, researchers, etc. generally pay more attention to the text part of the book than to its visual materials. However, the latter are just as important in understanding the subject matter and its applications as textual information on the topic. Methods: The psycho-didactic experiment described in this paper aims to widen the findings about the perception and understanding of visual parts of textbooks for pupils in their first years of schooling. In the paper, a less-known research method based on eye-tracking is presented. Results: The main results of the research are as follows: According to the findings of the authors, each pupil accepts and understands visual materials individually and this acceptance and understanding of visual materials is influenced by pupils’ personality traits. The research also shows that pupils prefer visual materials that depict reality as accurately as possible. Conclusions: The research was designed as a case study which could be used for further research of a similar form.

Cílem studie je zmapovat inkluzivní přístupy plně organizovaných škol, na kterých studenti učitelství plní pedagogické praxe. Tyto školy přijímají na pedagogické praxe studenty programu Učitelství pro 1. stupeň ZŠ. Metody: Na základě analýzy dostupných nástrojů byl použit český překlad mezinárodně uznávaného ukazatele inkluze od autorů Booth a Ainscow (2007). Pro šetření byl využit pozorovací arch č. 1, který může být použit i externím nezávislým pozorovatelem. Jako pozorovatelé působili zaškolení studenti učitelství 1. stupně ZŠ druhého až pátého ročníku, kteří ve spolupracujících školách vykonávali dlouhodobou praxi. Výzkumný soubor činí 139 plně organizovaných škol. Výsledky: Na základě získaných výsledků lze konstatovat, že většina škol, kam docházejí studenti na praxi, započala více či méně inkluzivní proces a nadále se snaží o jeho rozvoj. Pouze dvě školy získaly hodnocení pod 20 % celkového počtu bodů. Jedná se o školy, které získaly nízké hodnocení ve všech třech oblastech, tj. budování inkluzivní kultury, inkluzivní politika školy i rozvoj inkluzivní praxe. Naopak osm škol dosáhlo nadprůměrný výsledek ve všech třech oblastech. Závěry: Z výsledků vyplývá, že nemalý počet škol studenti hodnotili z pohledu realizace inkluzivního vzdělávání negativně, a je proto otázkou, zdali s těmito školami má být vedena spolupráce při praktické pedagogické přípravě budoucích učitelů.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the issue of distance education in primary schools has become a much-discussed topic. It is therefore no surprise that the issues related to it have come to the forefront of many researchers. There is, however, at least one group that has stayed relatively unnoticed, and it is so-called small schools. Thus, we conducted a qualitative study based on the phenomenological approach, searching for answers to our research question: What has been the experience of the directors of small schools with distance education during the pandemic? Our findings offer an in-depth insight into the life of six schools through the eyes of their directors. Semi-structural interviews with school directors helped us reveal three key factors that, in our opinion, had the greatest influence on the form of distance education. These are (1) the factor of ICT competence of all actors, (2) the factor of organization of educational settings, and (3) the factor of the teaching methods and forms used in education. Furthermore, we conclude the result section with a subchapter that captures the positive aspects of distance education as perceived by the addressed school directors.