In this work, nano V/TiO₂ catalysts at different molar ratios were prepared and fabricated as the electrocatalytic electrodes for electrocatalytic degradation. The effect of the vanadium doping on the surface morphology, microstructural, and specific surface area of V/TiO₂ catalysts was probed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) x-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), respectively. Afterward, the solution of Acid Red 27 (AR 27, one kind of azo dye) was treated by an electrocatalytic system in which the nano V/TiO₂ electrode was employed as the anode and graphite as the cathode. Results demonstrate that AR 27 can be effectively degraded by the nano V/TiO₂ electrodes; the highest removal efficiency of color and total organic carbon (TOC) reached 99% and 76%, respectively, under 0.10 VT (molar ratio of vanadium to titanium) condition. The nano V/TiO₂ electrode with high specific surface area facilitated the electrocatalytic degradation. The current density of 25 mA cm⁻² was found to be the optimum operation for this electrocatalytic system whereas the oxygen was increased with the current density. The electricity consumption of pure TiO₂ and nano V/TiO₂ electrode in this electrocatalytic system was around 0.11 kWh L⁻¹ and 0.02 kWh L⁻¹, respectively. This implies that the nano V/TiO₂ electrode possesses both high degradation and energy saving features. Moreover, the nono V/TiO₂ electrode shows its possible repeated utilization.

Plant polyphenols are valuable secondary metabolites with significant bioactivities; however, their efficient extraction faces multiple challenges, including the structural complexity arising from their coexistence in free and bound forms within plant matrices, as well as their sensitivity to oxidation and heat. Although emerging green extraction technologies such as deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluid extraction, and physical field enhancement show potential, current research largely remains method-oriented, lacking an in-depth understanding of the coupling mechanisms between molecular interactions and mass transfer processes. This review explicitly proposes a “mechanism-driven, synergistic integration” framework for the green extraction of plant polyphenols. By systematically analyzing the molecular basis of extractability and the complementarity among emerging technologies, this framework provides theoretical guidance and a practical blueprint for transitioning from empirical optimization to intelligent, synergistic system design. Specifically, it begins by systematically dissecting the structural characteristics of polyphenols and their interactions with cell wall components to clarify the molecular basis of extractability. Next, it critically reviews the mechanisms, advantages, and engineering bottlenecks of representative green technologies, with a focus on how synergistic integration strategies based on complementary mechanisms can overcome the limitations of single technologies to achieve higher extraction efficiency and selectivity. Furthermore, it evaluates the application of response surface methodology and artificial neural networks in process modeling. Finally, it highlights critical challenges such as industrial scale-up, sustainability assessment, and intelligent manufacturing. This review advocates a paradigm shift from optimizing single techniques toward designing intelligent, synergistic systems grounded in mechanistic insights.