The issue of nitrogen fertilizer contamination resulting from high-protein diets can be effectively solved by adopting low-protein diets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inorganic zinc supplementation in low-protein diets on 42-day-old broilers across a multitude of parameters. To determine the optimal dose of inorganic zinc in broiler diets with a 1.5% reduction in crude protein, 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers (n = 270) were randomly assigned to five groups, each containing 54 broilers. Our results revealed that inorganic zinc supplementation at levels of 130 mg/kg elevated growth performance and carcass traits (p < 0.05). It also significantly increased the ratio of intestinal villi heights to crypt depths (p < 0.001), changed intestinal morphology, and significantly increased albumin content in serum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, analysis of mRNA expression showed that 130 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of inorganic zinc improved the myogenic differentiation involved in muscle development, as well as intestinal tight junction and liver metallothionein capacity (p < 0.001). Additionally, these groups exhibited lower zinc excretion compared with other treatments (p < 0.001). In summary, our findings suggest that inorganic zinc supplementation in low-protein diets holds the potential to support muscle and intestinal development in broilers, presenting a viable nutritional strategy.