Pharmaceutical residues are the undecomposed remains from drugs used in the medical and food industries. Due to their potential adverse effects on human health and natural ecosystems, they are of increasing worldwide concern. The acute detection of pharmaceutical residues can give a rapid examination of their quantity and then prevent them from further contamination. Herein, this study summarizes and discusses the most recent porous covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the electrochemical detection of various pharmaceutical residues. The review first introduces a brief overview of drug toxicity and its effects on living organisms. Subsequently, different porous materials and drug detection techniques are discussed with materials' properties and applications. Then the development of COFs and MOFs has been addressed with their structural properties and sensing applications. Further, the stability, reusability, and sustainability of MOFs/COFs are reviewed and discussed. Besides, COFs and MOFs' detection limits, linear ranges, the role of functionalities, and immobilized nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed. Lastly, this review summarized and discussed the MOF@COF composite as sensors, the fabrication strategies to enhance detection potential, and the current challenges in this area.

Catalysis is among the most promising and fascinating techniques used in various research fields and industries. Heterogeneous catalysts have received more attention than homogeneous catalysts owing to reusability and selectivity issues. Accordingly, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent tools for converting homogeneous catalysts into heterogeneous catalysts. MOFs are organic–inorganic hybrid materials with a metal node and an organic linker connected with each other via a coordinate bond that have been developed as encouraging candidates for various applications. The heterogenization of a homogeneous catalyst by developing hybrid materials with MOFs is an attractive new field, combining the properties of both compounds to generate new hybrid heterogeneous catalysts. These new hybrid materials have the benefits of both the organometallic compound and the MOF constituents. As homogeneous catalyst recovery is difficult, this new approach allows the same catalyst to be used, but now exhibiting heterogeneous properties. This review summarizes versatile approaches to the encapsulation of a wide range of organometallic compounds (OMCs) in MOFs to generate OMC@MOFs for catalytic applications. After encapsulation, these OMCs have been used to form nanoparticles (MNP@MOFs) that have been applied to different organic transformations. Although other materials, including zeolites and silica, have also been used for heterogenization, the present review places emphasis on the use of MOFs in the process of heterogenization. The heterogenization of homogeneous organometallic catalysts by incorporation into MOFs using different strategies, MOF selection, OMC selection, and the use of hybrid heterogeneous catalysts in catalytic applications are discussed.