The etiology of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, has been predominantly associated with the gut microbiota, which is acknowledged as an endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in modulating energy homeostasis and host immune responses. The presence of dysbiosis has the potential to impact the functioning of the intestinal barrier and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues by allowing the transit of bacterial structural components, such as lipopolysaccharides. This, in turn, may trigger inflammatory pathways and potentially lead to the onset of insulin resistance. Moreover, intestinal dysbiosis has the potential to modify the production of gastrointestinal peptides that are linked to the feeling of fullness, hence potentially leading to an increase in food consumption. In this literature review, we discuss current developments, such as the impact of the microbiota on lipid metabolism as well as the processes by which its changes led to the development of metabolic disorders. Several methods have been developed that could be used to modify the gut microbiota and undo metabolic abnormalities. Methods: After researching different databases, we examined the PubMed collection of articles and conducted a literature review. Results: After applying our exclusion and inclusion criteria, the initial search yielded 1345 articles. We further used various filters to narrow down our titles analysis and, to be specific to our study, selected the final ten studies, the results of which are included in the Results section. Conclusions: Through gut barrier integrity, insulin resistance, and other influencing factors, the gut microbiota impacts the host’s metabolism and obesity. Although the area of the gut microbiota and its relationship to obesity is still in its initial stages of research, it offers great promise for developing new therapeutic targets that may help prevent and cure obesity by restoring the gut microbiota to a healthy condition.

Background and Objectives: Hematological disorders, especially chronic anemia and coagulation disorders, are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Severe anemia is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this special group of patients and is also responsible for decreased hope and quality of life. Despite the use of appropriate iron therapy and erythropoietin-stimulating agents, red blood cell transfusion is occasionally required, usually in the setting of acute bleeding or for correction of perioperative anemia. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the progression of chronic diseases and worsened the outcomes for patients with nephrological conditions. As a precautionary measure against infections, patients’ access to hospitalization for their procedures has been reduced and their chronic complications, including hematological abnormalities, have gotten out of control. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective observational study was designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood transfusion for the patients with chronic kidney disease hospitalized in our emergency county medical unit, over a period of four years (2019–2022) who were admitted or at least referred for evaluation to the Nephrology department. We also followed the measures adopted to ensure the necessary blood products during this time. Results: Between 2190–2022, a total of 24,096 hospitalized patients were transfused at the Emergency County Clinical Hospital in Constanta, Romania. Meanwhile, in the nephrology and other medical or surgical wards of our medical unit, 1590 CKD patients were transfused with different blood derivatives. During the pandemic years, as expected, the number of transfused patients and transfused blood units decreased by 4% and 7%, respectively, in comparison with the pre-pandemic year, 2019. Unlike the general trend of transfusion activity, more patients with CKD transfused in 2022 (580) than before the pandemic (414 in 2019), and the number of blood units was higher in 2022 than in 2019 for red blood products and plasma. Between 2020–2022, from the total number of transfused patients in our study, 254 with CKD patients (16%) and 798 non-CKD (4%) died in-hospital. Conclusions: The adaptive strategies implemented to ensure the necessary blood products in the hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic mainly included restrictive transfusion and limitation of elective surgical procedures. The subject matter of the article is important as blood shortages are a problem that healthcare workers may encounter in future pandemics.

There have been relatively few studies revealing a decreased platelet count in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although this hematological abnormality is not as well documented as renal anemia, platelet functions are altered in the uremic environment and there is an increased risk of bleeding. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the administration of platelet concentrate in CKD based on how patient prognosis was influenced by platelet transfusion therapy. The study monitored 104 patients with CKD and thrombocytopenia who received platelet transfusion during their hospitalization in the period from 2015 to 2021. The complete blood cell count, serum urea and creatinine, and inflammatory status were tested upon admission. The number of transfused platelet units were considered for each patient. A Kruskal–Wallis H test showed that for one transfused platelet unit, the distribution of the number of platelets (×10³/µL) was the same across the categories of associated diagnoses, which was seen as possible risk factors for thrombocytopenia, including liver cirrhosis and urosepsis. With a single exception, all patients exceeded the critical threshold of 20 × 10³/µL and 14 patients remained under 50 × 10³/µL. Even though our patients exceeded the critical threshold of platelet numbers, in patients with multiple comorbidities, severe, uncontrolled hemorrhages could not be prevented in 4.83% of cases.

Background: Anemia is common in hospitalized cardiac patients and affects prognosis and cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Aim: to investigate the impact of anemia severity, blood transfusion practices, and the evolution and outcome in patients with acute cardiovascular events. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the patients hospitalized in the Cardiology Department of Constanta County Hospital who required blood derivatives transfusions, between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2021. Results: Out of the total 270 patients, 170 received a single unit of resuspended erythrocyte concentrate within the same month, while 100 required multiple transfusions, receiving between 2 and 5 units during a single hospitalization, to correct anemia. Before transfusions, the mean hemoglobin (Hb) level was 7.60 g/dL, with values ranging from 6.50 g/dL to 9.10 g/dL. Men show a higher prevalence (64%) than women (36%), likely due to gender differences in susceptibility to heart conditions. Patients with associated acute or chronic renal failure consistently experience higher in-hospital mortality in all left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) subgroups. Conclusions: Anemia in heart failure patients is linked to worsening symptoms, decreased kidney function, and higher hospitalization and mortality rates. The findings aim to inform and optimize clinical decision making, particularly regarding transfusion strategies and risk management in this high-risk population.

Anemia is common in hospitalized cardiac patients and affects prognosis. Even moderate levels of anemia can be associated with high cardiovascular mortality when compared to normal hemoglobin levels in cases of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Background: Anemia is a comorbidity potentially treatable, with significant prognostic implications. A restrictive transfusion is triggered by hemoglobin is ≤8g/dl (severe anemia) and a liberal transfusion is considered when hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL. Methods: We perform a retrospective analysis of the patients hospitalized in the Cardiology Department of Constanta County Hospital who required blood derivatives transfusions, between 1st of January 2021 - 31st of December 2021. Results: Out of the total 270 patients, 170 received a single unit of resuspended erythrocyte concentrate within the same month, while 100 required multiple transfusions, receiving between 2 and 5 units during a single hospitalization to correct anemia. Before transfusions, the mean hemoglobin (Hb) level was 7.60 g/dl, with values ranging from 6.50 g/dl to 9.10 g/dl. Men show a higher prevalence (64%) than women (36%), likely due to gender differences in susceptibility to heart conditions. After transfusions, the mean Hb reached 10.05 g/dl (minimum/maximum values of 7.40 and 12.70 g/dl). CKD patients consistently experience higher in-hospital mortality across LVEF sub-groups, while CRS patients have relatively lower mortality rates, with significant associations observed between reduced LVEF and increased mortality across all patient groups. Conclusions: Anemia in heart failure patients is linked to worsening symptoms, including decreased exercise tolerance, increased cardiovascular events, decreased kidney function and higher hospitalization and mortality rates, especially in those with associated acute or chronic kidney failure. The findings aim to inform and optimize clinical decision making, particularly regarding transfusion strategies and risk management in this high-risk population.