The main aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of malnutrition and associated factors among HIV infected children in Amhara Regional State, and Northwest Ethiopia. This study is a result of single observation. A total of 372 study participant were interviewed, of which 60.2%, 95% CI (55.90–65.60) were malnourished. Children who had good individual dietary diversity were 53% times less likely malnourished as compared to children who had fair/poor dietary diversity (AOR = 0.474, 95% CI (0.26, 0.86)). Sex of child, Age of the child, undiversified diet, comorbidity disease, oral ulcer, diarrhea and history of hospital admission were found statically significant associated with malnutrition. Magnitudes of malnutrition among HIV infected children were very high. The early detection and control progression of HIV, closely follow up to intervene this situation is highly recommended.

Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Current evidence on the proportion of hypertension is essential to inform policymaker to strengthen interventions and regular monitoring of hypertension, yet information is scarce concerning hypertension in this study area. Objective: This study aimed to assess the magnitude of hypertension and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults receiving antiretroviral therapy at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed. Data were collected from systematically selected 412 participants using pre-tested, interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered and coded using Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 14. The assumption of the logistic regression model was checked using a correlation matrix and Hosmer and Lemeshow’s tests. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: In the present study, the prevalence of hypertension among human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults who received antiretroviral therapy was found to be 41.3% (95% CI; 36.7– 46.0). Age groups 35– 45 years (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.17, 5.27), greater than 45 years (AOR: 5.00, 95% CI: 2.190, 11.44), no physical exercise (AOR: 2.72, 95% CI: 1.33, 5.57), body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m² (AOR: 2.87 95% CI: 1.52, 5.39), and antiretroviral therapy regimens of 2 h/2f/2e/ABC+3TC+ATV/r (AOR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.41, 6.60) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: In the current study, the magnitude of hypertension was high among HIV-positive adults. Therefore, educating about the use of lifestyle change, counseling the use of regular physical activities, promoting weight reduction, and intervention in this situation are highly recommended.

Dietary diversity is the utilization of food and food groups consumed by individuals over 24 h, which is an indicator of a diet’s micronutrient adequacy. Dietary management in people with HIV patients is the key to sustaining their day-to-day activities and contributing to their lively hood. The level of dietary diversity among HIV-positive patients in Ethiopia shows considerable variation, ranging from 29 to 71.3%. This study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of low dietary diversity and associated factors among HIV-positive patients attending ART clinics in Ethiopia. Multiple international database searching methods (articles found in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google scholar Africa, Hinari journal online, Embase, Scopus) and Ethiopian university repository online have been covered in this systemic review and meta-analysis. Data were extracted using Microsoft excel and analyzed by using the Stata version 14 software program. The heterogeneity between studies and publication bias was detected by using the I2 test and a funnel plot test respectively. The pooled prevalence of low dietary diversity among People with HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia was 55.9% 95% CI (45.73, 66.09) based on the random effect analysis. This systemic review and meta-analysis showed that only HIV positive patients with an antiretroviral therapy duration of less than one year (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.3, 4.1), and having low wealth quintile (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.5, 4.4) were factors significantly associated with low dietary diversity among People with HIV patients on ant-retroviral therapy clinics of Ethiopia. The overall pooled prevalence of low dietary diversity among People with HIV patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinics in Ethiopia was high. We strongly recommend holistic nutritional interventions to address nutritional problems and promote the overall health status of HIV-positive patients in Ethiopia.

Background: Ethiopians use Artemisia abyssinica and Lepidium sativum as immunity enhancers. However, there is no scientific validation conducted so far regarding this claim. The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vivo immunomodulatory activities of essential oils of A. abyssinica and L. sativum in mice. Methods: The extraction was carried out using the earlier techniques. By hydro distilling fresh seeds and aerial portions of A. abyssinica and L. sativum, respectively, essential oils were obtained. Essential oils of both plants were tested at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. The rate of carbon clearance, humoral antibody titer, delayed type hypersensitivity response, spleen and thymus indices were evaluated in mice according to scientific protocols. The carbon clearance assay was determined using carbon ink. Sheep red blood cell was used as an antigen for other tests. Results: Essential oils of A. abyssinica and L. sativum at 400 mg/kg significantly increased the rate of carbon clearance from the body of mice (p< 0.05). The maximum carbon clearance rate was achieved for A. byssinica essential oil at 400 mg/kg. Both essential oils raised the level of HAT to SRBC in comparison to the vehicle and cyclophosphamide administered groups. The largest (84.668± 1.951) mean secondary HAT to SRBC was generated by L. sativum essential oil at 400 mg/kg (p< 0.001). A. abyssinica essential oil at 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the level of thymus index compared to the model group (p< 0.05 and 0.01 respectively). The levamisole group experienced the highest increase in thymus index (p< 0.001). Essential oil of L. sativum at 400 mg/kg also increased the level of thymus index. The spleen index in mice was improved by the essential oils only at the highest dose levels (400 mg/kg). Conclusion: It can be inferred that the essential oils of L. sativum and A. abyssinica have immunostimulant properties.

Background: Due to its resistance to common anti‐TB drugs, multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) presents substantial treatment problems. Optimizing therapeutic outcomes requires individualized treatment plans that take into account patient comorbidities, medication susceptibility profiles, and past treatment history. The significance of individualized medication in the treatment of MDR‐TB is emphasized in this study. Methods of Review: Current research on tailored treatment plans for MDR‐TB is summarized in this review. It highlights how pharmacogenomics, medication sensitivity testing, and patient‐centered care can be used to customize treatment plans. The utilization of combination therapies, monitoring and adaptation techniques, and novel treatment options—such as adjuvant therapy and newer agents—are also covered in the review. Findings: Important findings show that thorough medication susceptibility testing is essential for directing wise treatment decisions. Dosage modifications based on individual metabolic responses can be informed by pharmacogenomic data. Treatment regimen adherence is improved when patients participate in decision‐making. Combination therapy involving new drugs has demonstrated potential for increasing therapeutic effectiveness while reducing the emergence of resistance. Frequent monitoring makes it possible to promptly modify therapy in response to the patient response. Conclusions: Treatment for MDR‐TB must be individualized and comprehensive due to its complexity. For individuals with MDR‐TB, therapy outcomes can be greatly enhanced while lowering the risk of further resistance by combining host‐directed therapies, pharmacological breakthroughs, and continuous patient monitoring. Enhancing customized care solutions in this difficult field of infectious illness management requires ongoing research and innovation.