Lignification is a vital function in plants for improving tolerance against stressors. This article presents studies conducted on the relationship of wheat straw lignin with enhanced plant adaptation against lodging and stressors. Herein, we provide a thorough discussion of the chemical structure and lignin composition of straw and its alteration and uses. Lignin plays a critical role in withstanding harsh environments (biotic and abiotic). Resistance to accommodation in wheat also plays a critical role. Lignin can also produce several products, e.g., costly petroleum-based materials and other vital products, such as resins and composites, and new materials, such as biofuels and chemicals. In this study, wheat straw lignification analysis highlighted that lignin formation regulates cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis. In addition, the analysis showed considerable encouragement of lignin growth inside wheat straw and the formation of lignin interfaces, as for cellulose and hemicellulose. Wheat straw lignin is an important source of many essential bioactive moieties, particularly lignocelluloses, straw-based biofuels, and various chemicals. We also explored the molecular tools that influence lignin formation in wheat and the significant strides taken in broadening our understanding of nanotechnology tools. This knowledge could assist in the development of advanced wheat cultivars, increase lignin content, and strengthen feedstock efficiency, reducing the impact of other lignin-associated agronomic gains.

Heat shock proteins 90 (HSP90s) are conserved molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis under abiotic stress. While several studies have been reported to elucidate the role of HSP90s in heat stress responses in cotton, their involvement in salt stress remains underexplored. Gossypium hirsutum L. is highly susceptible to salt stress. The Current study investigated the evolutionary aspects, expression patterns, and functional validation of HSP90 family members in cotton under salt stress. A comprehensive genomic analysis of G. hirsutum, G. raimondii, and G. arboreum, identified 56 HSP90 genes which were classified into three distinct phylogenetic groups. Gene structure and motifs analysis revealed a conserved nature of HSP90s within each group. Additionally, cis-acting elements suggested the potential roles of HSP90s in biotic and abiotic stresses. The Ka/Ks ratio of all genes was < 1 suggesting negative and purifying selection pressure during molecular evolution. Expression analysis demonstrated the potential role of HSP90 genes in salt tolerance. Notably, out of ten HSP90 genes five genes exhibited highly differential expression under salt stress, as confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. Moreover, virus-induced silencing of the two salt stress-responsive genes, Ghir_D03G016230 and Ghir_D02G013530, which were upregulated under salt stress, resulted in a significant decrease in SOD, POD, and CAT, accompanied by a marked increase in MDA content in the salt-tolerant cotton cultivar. These findings provide novel insights into the functional roles of HSP90s in G. hirsutum under salt stress.