Grain mold and stalk rot are among the fungal diseases that cause significant losses in sorghum worldwide and are caused by different Fusarium spp. The presence of Fusarium species in sorghum grains causes yield losses and mycotoxin contamination, which represents a risk to consumers. In this study, Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) had a high incidence, followed by Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex. Within FFSC, F. proliferatum, F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, F. thapsinum, F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans were identified, and this was the first report of F. fujikuroi in sorghum. The most frequent toxins found in sorghum samples were deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). The presence of fumonisins and nivalenol (NIV) was detected at low levels. This study adds new knowledge about the occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in sorghum grains. Furthermore, this is the first report in Uruguay on fungicide sensitivity for Fusarium isolates from sorghum, which constitutes an important starting point for defining management practices to minimize fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination.

The effect of fermentation and drying temperatures, caliber, and sodium lactate on Listeria monocytogenes inactivation was studied in salami, produced in a pilot scale, inoculated with 10⁷ CFU/g of Listeria innocua ATCC® 33090 as a surrogate microorganism for L. monocytogenes. Fermentation temperature varied between 24 and 30°C, drying temperature between 14 and 20°C, caliber between 5.1 and 13.2 cm, and sodium lactate initial concentrations in salamis were 0 and 2%. L. innocua counts, pH and water activity were determined in salamis over time. Sodium lactate (2%) decreased pH drop and Listeria inactivation during fermentation. Baranyi & Roberts equation was used to fit the experimental data and to estimate, for each test condition, inactivation rate (k), initial (Y₀), and final counts of L. innocua (Y_END). Total inactivation was calculated as Y₀ minus Y_END (Y₀-Y_END). Then, using a Box Benkhen experimental design, a quadratic model for k and a two-factor interaction model (2FI) for Y₀ - Y_END were obtained as functions of fermentation temperature, drying temperature, and caliber size. The models predicted that maximum k and Y₀ -Y_END, -2.62 ± 0.14 log₁₀ CFU/g/day and 4.5 ± 0.1 log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively, would be obtained fermenting at 30°C and drying at 20°C regardless of caliber. Drying at 14°C allowed Listeria growth until a water activity (a_w) of 0.92 was reached. Therefore, if initial Listeria contamination is high (3 log₁₀ CFU/g), drying at low temperatures will compromise product safety.

Sustainable hydroponic cultivation in Uruguay: a case study on the application of rainwater harvesting for ready-to-eat produce operations, Rajchman, Mikaela, Martínez, Inés, Pelaggio, Ronny, Míguez, Diana