This study aimed to evaluate the addition of açaí, beetroot, and hibiscus flour on the sensory characteristics of a buffalo whey-based cocoa beverage and, second, to consider if health and sustainability claims could enhance consumer acceptance and purchase intention for the buffalo whey-based cocoa beverage. In this sense, five treatments were elaborated; BCC, the control with a commercial beverage formulation; BCE, the experimental control; BFA, with the addition of açaí flour; BFB, with added beetroot flour; and BFH, with the addition of hibiscus flour. The experiment was divided into two stages: In the first, the beverages were submitted to sensory analyses of acceptance (nine-point hedonic scale), purchase intention and just-about-right (five points), and check-all-that-apply (CATA). In the second stage, the beverages with the highest and lowest acceptance rates were taken, and they were subjected to the effect of sustainability and health information on consumer acceptance, purchase intention, and the CATA test using terms referring to emotions and feelings. The addition of flours decreased the beverage acceptance rate compared to the BCC treatment. The treatments were penalized in aroma and sweet taste. There was no effect on the type of information received by the consumer. Probably, the addition of high cocoa percentages can negatively affect the acceptance of products, as well as the use of flour with bitter flavors, due to the greater acceptance of sweeter products.

Metal contamination in dairy production can drive antimicrobial resistance co‐selection independently of antibiotic use, yet the genomic architecture linking metal resistance and antimicrobial resistance across dairy‐isolated pathogens remains largely uncharacterized globally. We analysed 3303 genomes from dairy environments across 52 countries, creating the first genome‐resolved map of co‐occurring resistance determinants in this critical agricultural interface. Metal/stress resistance genes were present at levels comparable to AMR genes (28.85% of isolates showed metal dominance), with arsenic ( arsB : 42.6% prevalence) and copper/silver systems ( silR : 98% in Klebsiella pneumoniae ) frequently co‐occurring with tetracycline ( tet (38): 43%) and multidrug efflux determinants ( lmrS : 43%). Statistical analysis of 29,299 gene pairs identified 523 significant associations (FDR < 0.05), revealing genetic linkage between arsenic resistance and tetracycline/multidrug efflux genes (Jaccard ≥ 0.98) in over 40% of isolates. Co‐occurrence burden varied ninefold across taxa, with K. pneumoniae functioning as a super‐reservoir species. Functional network analysis revealed that arsenic and copper resistance families operate as genomic hubs connecting to multiple antimicrobial classes, demonstrating that metal exposure maintains entire resistance modules through genetic linkage. These findings establish that AMR control strategies focused solely on antibiotic stewardship are insufficient; effective resistance mitigation requires integrated management of environmental metal contamination in dairy production systems.

Coffee is widely consumed worldwide and recognized for its sensory complexity, resulting from the interaction among genetic, environmental, and post-harvest processes. Fermentation is a critical stage that directly influences coffee's aromatic profile and is a topic of growing research interest. However, integrative analyses of how microorganisms and processes affect the volatilome are still required. This systematic review aimed to synthesize and analyze existing evidence on the formation of volatile compounds in fermented and roasted Coffea arabica, emphasizing comparisons among fermentation processes, inoculated or not, and their implications for diversifying coffee's aromatic profile. Twenty-one studies were compiled and analyzed. The review identified 340 distinct volatile compounds, belonging to classes such as alcohols, esters, furans, and pyrazines, which contribute to desirable sensory notes, including fruity, floral, and caramelized. Co-inoculation stood out for expanding the diversity of volatile compounds, offering a promising tool for customizing coffee's aromatic profile. The results indicate that induced fermentation processes, especially anaerobic ones, positively influence volatile formation, while co-inoculation can be an effective strategy for optimizing sensory quality. This review contributes to understanding how fermentation can be conducted to obtain differentiated coffees with enhanced sensory value.

Background/Objectives: AmpC enzymes, encoded by the bla_CMY-2 gene, confer resistance to a broad range of β-lactam antibiotics, including first-, second-, and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. These genes can be located either on the chromosome or plasmids, with the plasmid-borne form posing a greater risk due to its potential for rapid dissemination via horizontal gene transfer. The pESM megaplasmid, identified in Salmonella Minnesota isolates, was characterized as carrying the bla_CMY-2 gene, underscoring the urgent need for surveillance and control measures to address the threat of widespread resistance. Methods: In this in silico study, we analyzed the frequency and geographic distribution of pESM among publicly available S. Minnesota genomes over the last 20 years. Results: A total of 935 sequences were identified, of which 648 (69.3%) carried pESM. The countries with the highest number of positive isolates were Saudi Arabia (n = 303) and Brazil (n = 155), with a predominance of samples derived from poultry (n = 423; 65.27%). Genes involved in yersiniabactin synthesis and transport (ybtT, ybtU, ybtS, and ybtX) exhibited high proportion within the pESM-positive genomes, as did the merA gene, which is associated with mercury tolerance. Multi-locus sequence type (MLST) analysis showed that only ST548 and ST9594 carried the pESM. Forty distinct plasmid incompatibility groups were identified, with the most frequent being IncA/C2 (79.79%), followed by Col440I (74.97%), IncR (9.95%), IncI-1 (6.74%), ColpVC (8.02%), ColRNAI (5.45%), IncQ1 (4.71%), and IncFII(S) (4.28%. All pESM-positive genomes carried bla_CMY-2, with high co-occurrence of sul2, tet(A), and the mer operon, indicating that putative pESM could mediate resistance to multiple antibiotics and heavy metals. Since 2015, the co-occurrence of these genes with pESM has increased, likely reflecting selection pressure and clonal expansion of successful lineages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a recent clade primarily composed of poultry-derived isolates from Brazil and Saudi Arabia. Putative pESM is strongly associated with the IncA/C2 incompatibility group and the qnrB19 gene, reinforcing its role in disseminating antimicrobial resistance. Conclusions: These findings suggest putative pESM is central in spreading multidrug resistance and virulence traits in S. Minnesota, especially in poultry environments. The plasmid’s prevalence in distinct sequence types and countries underscores its potential for horizontal transfer and global dissemination. Our results emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance of megaplasmids in foodborne pathogens and strategies to mitigate their spread.

Plasmids are central vectors of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the features that distinguish the most epidemiologically successful resistance plasmids remain incompletely understood. CRISPR‐Cas systems are classically regarded as barriers to horizontal gene transfer, which makes their occurrence within resistance plasmids yet unexplored at large scale. Here we analyzed 72,555 curated plasmid sequences from the Plasmid database (PLSDB) to test whether plasmid‐encoded CRISPR‐Cas systems are non‐randomly associated with plasmid architecture and multi‐stressor resistance across a large scale plasmidome. Using a three‐tier classification of CRISPR‐Cas system integrity based on array quality and Cas gene presence, we found that intact systems, defined by the co‐occurrence of a high‐confidence array and cas genes within the same replicon, were rare (1.03%) but strongly and specifically enriched in multireplicon plasmids (OR = 12.36) and in plasmids resistant to multiple stressor classes (MSR; OR = 6.25). These associations were robust to clonal redundancy: after dereplicating near‐identical sequences over 100 iterations, both remained significant in every iteration, whereas the association with antimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) collapsed, identifying it as an artifact of clonal expansion. Intact systems were concentrated in high‐risk IncF and IncH backbones and were more prevalent in plasmids from environmental sources than in those from clinical sources. Type IV‐A was the predominant subtype (38.8% of intact systems), consistent with its near‐exclusive association with mobile genetic elements and its proposed role in inter‐plasmid competition rather than host defense. Together, these findings suggest that plasmid‐encoded CRISPR‐Cas systems, whether retaining defense‐associated functions or acting as intra‐MGE competition elements, are non‐randomly retained in structurally complex, multi‐stressor plasmid backbones that are particularly effective at accumulating and disseminating antimicrobial resistance.