This study investigates the improvement of Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) process by detailed adjustments of calcination temperature (600–900 °C) and duration (1–9 h). N₂ physisorption, H₂-TPR, XRD, TGA, and TEM show that elevated calcination temperatures result in increased surface roughness and reduced specific surface areas. The present investigation indicates that the ideal calcination parameters are 900 °C and 3 h. This helps the catalyst work better. This condition gave the best initial activity (54% CH₄ conversion and 61% CO₂ conversion) and the best long-term stability and resistance to carbon deposition. Using MATLAB R2025b (ODE45) for kinetic analysis, it was found that these factors have a big effect on activation energy. Shorter calcination of 1 h gave high initial activity, but it quickly lost its effectiveness. On the other hand, a longer calcination time of 9 h made the material more stable but less able to condition convert because it sintered too much. These results show that it is very important to carefully control the conditions of calcination in order to make long-lasting, high-performance catalysts for making syngas. Moreover, a 20-h DRM stability run of the optimum catalyst exhibited nearly constant activity, highlighting its strong structural integrity and superior ability to alleviate rapid coke formation.

A simple, efficient, and highly promising approach for synthesizing poly-substituted quinolines derivatives has been developed using a CdO@ZrO₂ nanocomposite catalyst via the Knoevenagel–Michael reaction. This catalytic system offers several advantages, including easy preparation, cost-effectiveness, user-friendly handling, and remarkable stability. The nano-composite was synthesized from Cadmium nitrate and Zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) and was extensively characterized utilizing various instrumental techniques, such as BET, PXRD, SEM, TEM, and SEM–EDX analysis. Further, the structural elucidation of all synthesized target compounds was performed through advanced spectroscopic techniques, including ¹H-NMR, ¹⁵N-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HRMS. The proposed methodology offers a green and sustainable synthetic route for poly-substituted quinoline scaffolds, ensuring high yields (93–97%), exceptional selectivity, and mild reaction conditions. Notably, the reaction proceeds without requiring chromatographic purification, features significantly reduced reaction times, and allows for catalyst recovery and reuse for a minimum of seven consecutive cycles without considerable loss in product yield. This innovative approach aligns with green chemistry principles, promoting sustainability by minimizing waste generation, reducing energy consumption, and eliminating hazardous reagents. The method provides a viable and eco-friendly alternative to previously established synthetic protocols, contributing to the advancement of environmentally benign organic synthesis.