Purpose: Intelligent new energy vehicles (INEVs) are becoming the competitive hotspot for the automobile industry. The major purpose of this study is to determine how to increase innovation efficiency through knowledge sharing and technology spill between new energy vehicle (NEV) enterprises and technology enterprises. This will help to improve the core competence of the automobile industry in China. Also, it serves as a guide for the growth of other strategic. Design/methodology/approach: The authors construct a tripartite evolutionary game model to study the cross-border cooperative innovation problem. Firstly, the payment matrix of NEV enterprise, technology enterprise and government is established, and the expected revenue of each participant is determined. Then, the replication dynamic equations and evolutionary stability strategies are analyzed. Finally, the theoretical research is validated through numerical simulation. Findings: Results showed that: (1) An optimal range of revenue distribution coefficient exists in the cross-border cooperation. (2) Factors like research and development (R&D) success rate, subsidies, resource and technology complementarity, and vehicles intelligence positively influence the evolution towards cooperative strategies. (3) Factors like technology spillover risk cost inhibit the evolution towards cooperative strategies. To be specific, when the technology spillover risk cost is greater than 2.5, two enterprises are inclined to choose independent R&D, and the government chooses to provide subsidy. Research limitations/implications: The research perspective and theoretical analysis are helpful to further explore the cross-border cooperation of the intelligent automobile industry. The findings suggest that the government can optimize the subsidy policy according to the R&D capability and resource allocation of automobile industry. Moreover, measures are needed to reduce the risk of technology spillovers to encourage enterprise to collaborate and innovate. The results can provide reference for enterprises’ strategic choice and government’s policy making. Originality/value: The INEV industry has become an important development direction of the global automobile industry. However, there is limited research on cross-border cooperation of INEV industry. Hence, authors construct a tripartite evolutionary game model involving NEV enterprise, technology enterprise and the government, and explore the relationship of cooperation and competition among players in the INEV industry, which provides a new perspective for the development of the INEV industry.

Sustainable urbanization of metropolises requires effective utilization of limited land resources. Existing studies focusing on direct land use and land footprints have overlooked the internal structure of virtual land flow network. This impedes the comprehensive understanding of land use interactions across regions and sectors. This study focuses on Beijing, a typical metropolis facing the challenge of land resource shortage. We explore the structural characteristics of multi-scale virtual land flow network centered by Beijing, by combining environmentally extended multi-regional input–output model with a set of network analysis tools (including betweenness analysis, structural path analysis, and community detection). The results show that parts of the critical transmission centers of virtual land flow (e.g., “Scientific research and polytechnic services” and “Food and tobacco processing”) have small direct land uses. 01The majority of vital inter-sectoral transactions usually involve critical transmission centers, providing explicit directions for productivity improvement of those transmission centers. Strategies on transmission centers and inter-sectoral transactions can intervene in the transmission of embodied land uses and help reduce inefficient upstream land uses. Enhancing total factor productivity in these hotspots through measures such as technological advancement, minimizing raw material and equipment wastage, and elevating labor quality helps reduce unnecessary upstream land uses. Moreover, the same community includes multiple sectors across various regions, indicating the necessity of trans-regional cooperation. These findings can offer valuable insight into the management of land resource from the network perspective. They also provide scientific basis for coordinated regulation across specific sectors and regions.

"Prevent minor issues before they become major problems, and prepare for the future." This study utilizes complex system theory to introduce a nonlinear dynamic system for examining the production and emission reduction strategies of new energy vehicle (NEV) and gasoline vehicle (GV) manufacturers under the dual credit (DC) policy over a long-term game process. By considering production delays, we analyze dynamic behaviors within a duopoly automotive system, including stable regions, bifurcation, chaotic attractors, and the Largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE). The results show that: (1) As production and carbon emission adjustment parameters increase, the decision-making system for both automakers can slip into disorder, posing a risk of disruption within the automotive industry. (2) In stable regions, GVs’ carbon emission adjustments do not affect the production of either NEVs or GVs, while NEVs demonstrate greater flexibility in production adjustments compared to GVs. (3) The industry system will likely benefit from delay production decisions that could help stabilize the automobile market. The study provides theoretical support for the smooth transformation of old and new driving forces in the automobile industry.