Nanoemulsions are liquid-in-liquid dispersion with a droplet size of about 100 nm. They have a transparent appearance, high rate of bioavailability, and increased shelf life. Nanoemulsions mainly consist of oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant and can be prepared by high- and low-energy methods. Diluted nanoemulsions are utilized for the delivery of ophthalmic drugs due to their capability to penetrate the deep layers of the ocular structure, provide a sustained release effect, and reduce the frequency of administration and side effects. These nanoemulsions are subjected to certain tests, such as safety, stability, pH profile, rheological studies, and so on. Cationic nanoemulsions are prepared for topical ophthalmic delivery of active ingredients from cationic agents to increase the drug residence time on the ocular surface, reducing their clearance from the ocular surface and improving drug bioavailability. This review article summarizes the main characteristics of nanoemulsions, ophthalmic nanoemulsions, and cationic nanoemulsions and their components, methods of preparation, and the evaluation parameters for ophthalmic nanoemulsions.

Objectives: This work aims at formulating licorice as topical gel preparation and at exploring its antimicrobial efficacy against different types of microorganisms including two types of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aerueginosa) and one type of yeast, Candida albicans (C.albicans).Materials and Method: Different gel formulas were prepared using two different types of gelling agent Carbopol 934 and HPMC (methocel E5) with different extract concentrations. All the prepared formulas were physically and chemically characterized, and the selected formula showed good appearance and consistency, spreadability, accepted pH and physiologically compatible to the skin. The selected formula was further characterized by studying the in-vitro antimicrobial activity.Result and Discussion : Results showed that licorice gel can be formulated successfully using Carbopol 934 as gelling agent and the selected formula exhibited good antimicrobial activity against (S.aureus) and (C.albicans), but it showed no antimicrobial activity against (P.aerueginosa). Consequently, the prepared topical gel of licorice could be considered as an efficient alternative to the common topical antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the results pointed out that the prepared licorice gel has good stability at room temperature with no significant difference (p≤0.05) after storing for four months.Conclusion: In this work a suitable candidate of new herbal antimicrobial topical gel formulation was proposed to enter into the market.

Background:Aloe vera is known as a miracle plant belonging to the Lily (Liliaceae) family, The exudate of Aloe vera is utilized as a natural drug as it can be used for many medicinal purposes. Aims: The present work has been undertaken with the aim to prepare a topical gel containing Aloe vera exudate and to evaluate its physical properties in addition to its anti-microbialpotency in light of the orientation towards plant-based treatment for being more acceptable and preferred in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than synthetic ones. Aloe vera has been proved its great medicinal and cosmetic benefits. Materials and Methods: Two sets of gel formulas were prepared; the first set containing carbopol-934 (F1-F4) and the second set containing carboxymethylcellulose (F5-F10) with varied concentrations to achieve the best formula that has been selected according to various physicochemical evaluations; like homogeneity, transparency, appearance, consistency, color, odor, pH, phase separation and others. The selected formula was further subjected to in vitro study for its anti-microbial activity. Results and Discussion: There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) in physical parameters between the two sets of formulas except in pH. Results showed that (F2) containing 1.5% m/v carbopol-934 is considered the promising formula which showed better physicochemical properties and exhibited good anti-microbial activity against both (E.coli) and (Staphylococcus aureus). Conclusion and recommendations: The selected formula (F2) of Aloe vera exudate could be considered as a suitable medicinal herbal candidate for treatment of topical bacterial infections. In addition, it is recommended to use higher concentration of antioxidants to preserve the stability of the product, also it is recommended to add water soluble fragrance (perfume) for better odor.

Objective: Propolis is highly recommended in aphthous stomatitis, a condition that requires a proper delivery tool to achieve an efficient treatment. For this indication, a buccal patch that provides prolonged mucosal contact and protection would be beneficial. Accordingly, in this study, we designed propolis-loaded buccal patches, composed of three polymers (alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone) of complementary properties, and the proper combination of them to produce the patch of optimum properties. Material and Method: Nine patches of different polymer ratios were prepared by casting method and evaluated by assessing their swelling, adhesion time and strength, and dissolution rate. Then the patches properties were correlated using artificial neural network analysis. Result and Discussion: The results showed that all patches were smooth, translucent, and flexible with surface pH between 6.5 and 7.4. The correlation between polymer composition and measured properties was complex and non-linear. Therefore, an artificial neural network was used to analyze these properties and optimize them. The model of this analysis provides higher weights for favorable tensile and adhesion strengths while considering swelling, rigidity, and fast dissolution rate as unfavorable. According to summation analysis, the combination of CMC% and PVP% of 15.5 and 13, respectively, provides the best score of 3.5.

Poorly soluble drugs pose challenges in product formulation due to low solubility and bioavailability. Nanosuspensions can improve solubility and bioavailability, but optimal preparation techniques, solvent, stabilizer, and drug-to-stabilizer ratio are crucial. This work aims to optimize the preparation process of Curcumin nanosuspension. In addition, it aims in screening of the effectiveness of different stabilizers, solvents, and ratios of drug to stabilizers. Stabilizers tested included polymers (e.g., PVP30, HPMC) and surfactants (e.g., Tween 40, Poloxamer 407) in varying proportions of drug-to-stabilizer ratios were tried to choose the best stabilizer. Solvents were used as a mixture of acetone and ethanol or as a sole solvent, ethanol alone. The preparation of Curcumin (CRN) nanosuspension was accomplished by the solvent-antisolvent method using three different techniques: magnetic stirring, ultra-sonication bath, and ultra-sonication probe. Optimization of the selected formula was established by determination of particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. In addition, the investigations included measurement of entrapment efficiency, CRN loading and pH. Stability test was conducted on Curcumin nanosuspension (the selected formula) over 2 months at 25˚C and 4˚C. The study found that ethanol as a solvent was superior to acetone-ethanol mixture and magnetic stirring was more effective than ultra-sonication methods, with the best nanosuspension formula being CRN-24. The main conclusion of this study is that optimal solvent, stabilizer, and drug-to-stabilizer ratio are essential for stable curcumin nanosuspensions.

Background and Objectives: Green chemistry plays a vital role in the pharmaceutical industry. Utilizing herbs to reduce rancidity and oxidation in various cooked oils is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach. Cooked oil significantly impacts environmental pollution, affecting aquatic life and soil quality. This research aims to create high-quality soap using herb-infused oils to treat waste oils exhausted from restaurants, offering a practical solution to sustainable waste management. In addition, it provides various skin benefits, such as moisturizing, and cleaning. Method: A simple small-scale cold process method was used to formulate three types of soaps with different oils within. One formulation uses cooking oil from a fast food restaurant; named as soap (W), another uses fresh oil; named as Soap (F), and the third Soap (T) uses greenly treated oils with turmeric powder, peppermint, and rosemary powder in a certain concentration. Different physicochemical tests assessed the physicochemical quality of soap through various tests, including organoleptic evaluation, hardness, pH measurement, moisture content, matter insoluble in alcohol, foam stability, cleaning ability, free fatty acid or alkali content, and total fatty matter. The economic feasibility was evaluated by analyzing production costs and environmental impact, emphasizing the benefits of using waste oils for sustainable and cost-effective soap production. Results: Soap (T) exhibited a refined yellow color, smooth texture, and met ASTM and ISO standards across all parameters. Notably, Soap (T) showed the longest foam stability (9 minutes, Kd=0.077) and the lowest free fatty acid content (0.751%), indicating superior quality and skin safety. Soap (W) and Soap (F) also met the standards but with lower performance metrics. Soap (T) is identified as the optimal formulation, balancing quality, sustainability, and practical performance. Conclusion: Soap (T) met all ASTM and ISO standards, showing superior quality and performance. Its green, eco-friendly components help balance skin moisture, Soap (T) stands out as the best option for practical use and sustainability. Further studies on reducing wrinkles, and preventing acne are recommended.