Folk medicine, rooted in historical practice, has long been used for medicinal purposes, emphasizing the need to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of herbal medicines. This imperative has grown over time, prompting collaborative efforts to document historical records and preserve invaluable knowledge of medicinal plants. The Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, renowned for its rich assortment of medicinal plants characterized by high concentrations of volatile oils, stands out in this regard. This review focuses on Clinopodium vulgare (C. vulgare) L., commonly known as wild basil or basil thyme, a significant species within the Lamiaceae family found across diverse global regions. C. vulgare boasts a storied history of application in treating various ailments, such as gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammation, dating back to ancient times. Rigorous research has substantiated its pharmacological properties, revealing its antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and enzyme-inhibitory effects. This comprehensive review provides an insightful overview of the Lamiaceae family, elucidates the extraction methods employed to obtain medicinal compounds, explores the phytoconstituents present in C. vulgare, and systematically details its diverse pharmacological properties. Additionally, the review delves into considerations of toxicity. By synthesizing this wealth of information, this study opens avenues for the potential therapeutic applications of C. vulgare. The practical value of this research lies in its contribution to the understanding of medicinal plants, mainly focusing on the pharmacological potential of C. vulgare. This exploration enriches our knowledge of traditional medicine and paves the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, offering promising prospects for future drug development. As the demand for natural remedies continues to increase, this work provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders in herbal medicine and pharmacology.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a health concern and stands as the most common primary liver malignancy. HCC frequently arises from chronic liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, prolonged alcohol consumption, and metabolic liver diseases, all of which contribute to the progressive accumulation of epigenetic and genetic alterations. These molecular changes drive uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and immune resistance through the upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME), together with enhanced angiogenesis, culminating in malignant transformation. Despite advancements in surgical and systemic interventions remain suboptimal, particularly in advanced stages where drug resistance and systemic toxicity pose significant limitations. In recent years, natural compounds derived from medicinal plants have garnered increasing interest due to their capacity to modulate multiple cancer-related pathways with comparatively lower toxicity. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids exert anticancer effects by restricting tumor growth, inducing apoptosis and modulating Nrf2/Keap1 and VEGF/HIF-1α mediated pathways. Compounds such as curcumin, ginsenosides, withaferin A, and epigallocatechin gallate have demonstrated notable preclinical efficacy and enhanced the effectiveness of conventional therapies. This narrative review examines the molecular basis of HCC and the adjunctive potential of phytochemicals, emphasizing that extract variability, limited clinical evidence, and possible herb-drug interactions should be addressed to enable their safe and effective incorporation into standard therapy.

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, may cause multi-joint effects that severely impair quality of life. This study evaluated the molecular docking, in vitro validation and network pharmacology potential of the ethanolic leaf extract of Mentha arvensis L. in targeting RA-associated pathways. Methods: Shade-dried and ground M. arvensis leaves were subjected to a five-day cold maceration process in 80% ethanol. Bioactive substances were screened for drug-likeness and evaluated for their potential RA targets. Network pharmacology was employed to identify key genes and signalling pathways, and molecular docking was used to study ligand-target interactions. The extract was tested in vitro for its antioxidant and anti arthritic properties. Results: Seven out of 101 phytoconstituents fulfilled drug-likeness criteria and were selected for further study. Network analysis revealed that PTGS1/2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1/2), PRKCQ (protein kinase C theta), SYK (spleen-associated tyrosine kinase), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha), and PIK3CD (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta) were key targets. Pathway enrichment identified MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), PI3K-AKT, TNF (tumor necrosis factor), and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways as primary mediators. Kaempferol glucoside demonstrated the highest binding affinities (docking scores: −7.2 to −9.4 kcal/mol). The extract showed significant antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 54.24 µg/ml for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and an IC₅₀ of 209.93 µg/ml for bovine serum albumin (BSA) heat-denaturation inhibition. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the anti-arthritic effects of Mentha arvensis are mediated through a complex network of molecular targets and pathways. These results provide preliminary evidence warranting further preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate its utility as a natural therapeutic agent for RA.