The present study aimed to assess and compare the ability to remediate synthetic textile and industrial wastewaters by Fenton treatment, a biological system and sequential treatments using Aspergillus niger (A. niger). All studied treatments were found to be effective in decolorization of the effluents under study. Fenton treatment followed by A. niger showed excellent potential for the maximum decolorization of the synthetic and industrial effluents under study. The effectiveness of sequential treatment was evaluated by water quality parameters such as total organic carbon (TOC), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) before and after each treatment. The results indicated that A. niger is an effective candidate for detoxification of textile wastewaters.

Azo dyes are the main group of dyes used in different industrial applications. These dyes are highly toxic for aquatic life, so their removal is of utmost importance before they can be disposed of in a main water body. The present study focused on degrading/mineralizing the synthetic reactive dye wastewater. Initial experiments were done with four indigenous white rot fungi. P. chrysosporium (PC) showed more potential toward degradation of synthetic dye wastewater than other three fungal strains, so it was selected for further optimization of different fermentation parameters. Maximum decolorization (84.8%) of reactive dye wastewater was obtained at pH 5, inoculum size 4 mL, and 30ºC. After optimizing experimental parameters, the effects of different nutritional factors like carbon and nitrogen sources were also studied. Decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater was increased from 84.8 to 89.2%, when rice bran was used as an additional carbon source. However, no increase in decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater was observed in the presence of nitrogen supplements. The screened fungal strain decolorized the wastewater up to 90%. The effect of different nutritional factors enhanced the degradation capability of the fungal strain under study. UV-visible and FTIR analyses confirmed the degradation of synthetic dye wastewater into simpler, non-toxic products.

Single-nitrogen containing saturated cyclic amines are an important part of both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. A number of methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of aziridines, azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes and azocanes. This review highlights some facile and green synthetic routes for the synthesis of unsubstituted, multisubstituted and highly functionalized saturated cyclic amines including one-pot, microwave assisted, metal-free, solvent-free and in aqueous media.