This paper proposes a study on the potential of waste-to-energy (WTE) possibility in the Arab Republic of Egypt. WTE is a viable option for municipal solid waste (MSW) management and a renewable energy source. The issue of waste spread is a chronic environmental challenge in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The MSW practices in Egypt are simply done by collecting the waste and dumping it in open landfill sites. This research aims to assess the potential contribution of the WTE facility to meet electricity demand in Cairo City, which is Egypt's capital and the biggest city in population as a sample, and then apply the results to all of Egypt. The paper introduced a step-by-step calculation for the electrical power that can be generated from Cairo MSW. Four scenarios for WTE utilization were developed: Mass Burn without any waste processing, Mass Burn with 25% recycling, Mass Burn excluding 50% of organic material, and Mass Burn excluding 50% of organic material with 25% recycling. The Mass Burn scenario implies full MSW stream incineration; the Mass Burn with recycling scenario considers a partial separation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration; the Mass Burn with excluding 50% of organic material scenario considers a partial separation of organic materials and the waste leftover for incineration; the Mass Burn with excluding 50% of organic material with 25% recycling scenario considers a partial separation of organic materials and partial separation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration. The analyses were done for the period 2011-2031 for Cairo with a total population of about 10 million in Nov 2021. The results show the huge potential of WTE conversion as a source of renewable energy, which is a key factor in Egypt's sustainable development strategy 2030. Available data have been theoretically processed to show the decision-makers in Egypt the amount of electrical power that can be generated by using the WTE options to manage the MSW in Egypt.

In this paper, the operation and a complete design of the bootstrap circuit elements when firing a high-side MOSFET feeding an inductive load are introduced. The operation for both low-side and high-side cases are discussed with complete design and analysis of the bootstrap circuit elements. The effect of the bootstrap capacitor (BSC), diode, and resistance on the MOSFET switch for inductive loads at different frequencies and duty cycles including regular and SPWM are briefly analyzed. The current discontinuity is associated with higher losses, discontinued power output operation, and derated performance. The precise good design of the bootstrap circuit elements enables to improve the load current continuity in a specified frequency range of operation preventing the demerits of discontinuous operation. The effect of high-side implementation on extra harmonic content on the load is discussed including THD measurement of both applied voltages and currents.

Switched reluctance motors’ (SRMs) implementation in electric vehicle drives are widely increasing due to several merits, such as a wide speed range, high torque density, and rare earth‐free characteristics, but it also has some drawbacks, such as more torque ripples, acoustic noise, and vibration, that hinder its usage in electrical vehicle applications. This paper introduces a novel geometry of rotor teeth of SRM, where two slots are inserted per each tooth of rotor to create rotor‐slotted tooth SRM (RST‐SRM). The novel topology aims to enhance the performance of SRMs, especially at high speeds. The overall performance of the RST‐SRM was carried out in addition to comparing it with performance of both stator‐slotted tooth SRM (SST‐SRM) and conventional SRM. The design parameters of the three models are the same and carried out by finite element tools (FETs) to obtain the magnetic characteristics, and the static analysis of the three models is compared. Dynamic performance was achieved by implementing the MATLAB Simulink package. The steady‐state and start‐up performance of the three models were obtained and compared. The performance parameters are estimated at various slot dimensions of the novel technique, in addition to studying the effect of conduction angles for three models. Finally, the efficiency, iron losses, and torque ripple maps of the three models are compared to simulate the scope of the work of electric vehicles.

A new automated multirange thermal current converter (TCC) has been designed and implemented at the National Institute of Standards (NIS), Egypt. Five single junction thermal current converters (SJTCCs) have been connected in parallel on PCB with an LCD, keypad and a microcontroller to control a five fast switching relays. This TCC has been designed to cover the ac current ranges from 500 mA to 5 A at frequencies from 40 Hz up to 100 kHz. The construction of the new automated TCC has been presented to solve some problems of using shunt resistance at high currents. Furthermore, a new automatic calibration system has been established to calibrate the established TCC against another standard TCC. This software program has been specially designed using MATLAB program to overcome the problems of manual calibration and measurement. The expanded uncertainties are estimated for all ranges at different frequencies and also, the ac-dc differences. The performance of the new automated TCC is also evaluated by comparing its accuracy by measuring ac currents at different frequencies with the performance of a traditional TCC.

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely employed in electric vehicles (EVs) owing to their high efficiency, high power density, and reliability. Although sensors may raise costs, the accurate estimation of both rotor position and actual speed is crucial to achieve high motor performance. This paper presents a comparative assessment of sensorless PMSM drive control using field-oriented control (FOC) and model predictive control (MPC) under various representative automotive drive cycle conditions. A model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer is employed to estimate rotor position and speed, and the complete drive system is simulated via MATLAB/Simulink R2025b. Performance is assessed using representative synthetic urban and highway drive cycle segments, designed to capture key dynamic features (stop-and-go transients, steady-state cruising, and road grade variation) analogous to those found in standardized cycles such as WLTP, considering speed tracking error, torque ripple, and current/estimation quality indicators. The results indicate that FOC–MRAS provides robust steady-state behavior and reliable estimation under low-speed urban segments, whereas MPC–MRAS achieves faster transient response and improved current regulation in higher-speed segments at the expense of increased computational complexity. The reported findings elucidate the practical trade-offs between robustness and predictive capability and provide simulation-based guidance for selecting sensorless control strategies for PMSM-based EV traction drives.

Medium voltage induction motors (MVIM) are a key component of numerous industries, such as water treatment plants, sewage discharge stations, and chilled water systems. The starting process for these MV motors is critical as it is associated with a major impact on both motor lifetime and power grid quality. In this article, a proposed modified and comprehensive starting scheme of MV three-phase induction motors driving pumps for water stations is introduced. Firstly, the starting performance and its impact on power grid quality will be discussed when all motors are normally started with direct on line connection (DOL), which is already the normal established status. A modified starting scheme based on an optimized coordination of motor starting methods in addition to variable voltage variable frequency drive (VVVFD) drive and control implementation will be discussed. A transition between the starting of variant MV induction motors as well as the starting event coordination principle will be discussed to improve the power quality relative to the obligatory time shift required for the operation. The coordination is based on an algorithm implementation which is achieved using different optimization concepts based on artificial intelligence techniques, properly conducting the transition time in addition to the power delivered by the inverter unit rather than determining the number of DOL and VVVF-implemented motors. A comparison between using the optimized VVVFD soft-starting and the proposed modified scheme is performed, focusing on the power quality improvement rather than optimizing the cost function. The modified scheme is simulated using ETAP power station for brief analysis and study of load flow rather than the complete inspection and power quality assessment.