Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a significant impact on the pathophysiological processes associated with various diseases such as tumors, inflammation, and infection. They exhibit molecular, biochemical, and entry control characteristics similar to viral infections. Viruses, on the other hand, depend on host metabolic machineries to fulfill their biosynthetic requirements. Due to potential advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and efficient immune activation, EVs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies on COVID-19 patients have shown that they frequently have dysregulated lipid profiles, which are associated with an increased risk of severe repercussions. Lipid droplets (LDs) serve as organelles with significant roles in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis as well as having a wide range of functions in infections. The down-modulation of lipids, such as sphingolipid ceramide and eicosanoids, or of the transcriptional factors involved in lipogenesis seem to inhibit the viral multiplication, suggesting their involvement in the virus replication and pathogenesis as well as highlighting their potential as targets for drug development. Hence, this review focuses on the role of modulation of lipid metabolism and EVs in the mechanism of immune system evasion during SARS-CoV-2 infection and explores the therapeutic potential of EVs as well as application for delivering therapeutic substances to mitigate viral infections.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) results from protozoa Leishmania infantum and L. donovani infection. This study investigated whether host factors would explain the relapses. First, susceptibility to amphotericin B of L. infantum isolates was evaluated in vitro. Then, clinical data and the lipid profile of patients with relapsing and non-relapsing VL were assessed. Susceptibility to amphotericin B was similar between the isolates. CD4+ lymphocytes were reduced in both groups of patients in the first episode and with relapsing VL. Still, the strongest blood cell indicator associated with relapses was low total lymphocyte counts. Total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and, uniquely, triglycerides of the six individuals in the first episode and twenty-three with relapsing VL were lower in relapsing patients than those in the first episode. Deceased patients had extremely low low-density lipoprotein. After CD4+ decreases, lymphocyte CD8+ reduction is the final stage of immunological failure. The lower lipid concentrations appear to be secondary to the depletion of fat stores by inflammation-induced cachexia and fat exhaustion provoked by the co-occurrence of both diseases, which can finally lead to death.

Este artigo científico aborda a importância da educação inclusiva na educação infantil, visando garantir o acesso e a participação de todas as crianças, independentemente de suas diferenças e necessidades. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os desafios para a implementação efetiva da educação inclusiva na educação infantil e como a mesma pode ajudar as crianças a desenvolverem suas habilidades sociais e emocionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a bibliográfica, com abordagem qualitativa, analisando documentos escritos, como artigos científicos, entre outros. Os resultados mostram que a educação inclusiva na educação infantil pode ajudar as crianças a desenvolverem uma atitude positiva em relação à diversidade e a aprender a conviver com as diferenças. Além disso, os educadores desempenham um papel fundamental na promoção da educação inclusiva, criando um ambiente acolhedor e respeitoso, onde todos os alunos possam se sentir valorizados e tenham oportunidades iguais de sucesso.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma análise sobre as ideias a respeito do tema radioatividade, numa abordagem interdisciplinar e contextualizada, tendo como objeto de estudo uma turma de alunos do 3º ano do Ensino Médio de um escola pública do Estado do Piauí, para, assim, observarmos seus conhecimentos em uma perspectiva cotidiana sobre o tema, analisarmos, também, se sabem fazer a associação com outras disciplinas (interdisciplinaridade) e, por fim, avaliarmos se as aulas que eles tiveram estão de acordo com o novo ENEM, que preza por essa associação de conhecimentos, haja vista que o ensino de Química, de um modo geral, envolve certos conceitos que, por vezes, não são contemplados adequadamente pelos currículos ou que são evitados pelos professores. Dentre esses, está a radioatividade, cuja dificuldade de abordagem reside na falta de materiais apropriados ou no fato de os docentes não atingirem a atenção de seus alunos, já que estes não veem a finalidade e importância de tal estudo. Para o levantamento de informações, foram aplicados dois questionários aos alunos com a finalidade de investigar o grau de compreensão deles sobre o tema e avaliar como esse assunto está sendo trabalhado pelos professores. Diante dos resultados alcançados, observou-se que os alunos refletem o tradicionalismo da abordagem dos professores, que dão muita ênfase aos conceitos, o que entra em confronto com o que é cobrado pelo novo ENEM, que é o conhecimento interdisciplinar.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) results from infection by the protozoa Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. HIV-coinfected patients may have a relapsing course of VL, even after secondary prophylaxis with amphotericin B. This study investigated whether host factors would explain the relapses. First, susceptibility to amphotericin B of L. infantum isolates was evaluated in vitro. Then, clinical data and the lipid profile of patients with relapsing and non-relapsing VL were assessed. Susceptibility to amphotericin B was similar between the isolates. CD4+ lymphocytes were reduced in both patients in the first episode and with relapsing VL. Still, the strongest blood cell associated with relapses was low total lymphocyte counts. Total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and, uniquely, triglycerides of the six individuals in the first episode and 23 with relapsing VL were lower in relapsing patients than those in the first episode. Deceased patients had extremely low, low-density lipoprotein. After CD4+ decrease, lymphocyte CD8+ reduction seem to be the final stage of the immunological failure. The lower lipid concentrations appear to be secondary to the depletion of fat stores by inflammation-induced cachexia provoked by the co-occurrence of both diseases, which can finally lead to death.