An important but underestimated area in international economics is the study of the impacts of remittance outflows and financial development on the economic growth of the remitting countries. This study explores how remittance outflows and financial development can affect the economic growth of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region using panel data from 1999 to 2018. The outcome reveals that remittance outflows are negatively related to economic growth. While financial development is effective in stimulating economic growth and is significant, the moderating role of financial development is growth-enhancing in the GCC region. Our findings are robust and insensitive to different econometric techniques. To benefit from immigrants, this research suggests a stimulus policy that GCC countries should facilitate foreign workers to settle sustainably and participate in investment activities, and increase consumption in their host country.

The purpose of this study is to examine the strategies used by Pakistani school principals in both public and private institutions to improve teacher motivation. Data were gathered from 150 teachers across three cities in Pakistan: Lahore, Multan, and Faisalabad. The study used a mixed-methods approach, employing both closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires for teachers. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 school principals to provide deeper insights. Principal component analysis (PCA) and inferential statistics were used in quantitative analysis, and thematic analysis was used to examine qualitative data. The results show that public and private schools differ significantly in resource allocation, motivational techniques and leadership styles. Private school teachers were more motivated due to their greater flexibility, individual support, and external recognition programs. Public schools, on the other hand, struggled with a lack of individual instruction, strict structures and scarce resources. The study highlights the importance of managerial strategies for increasing teacher motivation. Policymakers should consider ways to provide greater support to public schools, with a particular focus on developing more responsive leadership structures and providing resources for teacher professional development and engagement.

This paper examines the impacts of structural oil shocks, namely, the index of industrial production, world production of oil, and spot crude oil prices on the food prices in Saudi Arabia between 1986 and 2020 using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) and Structural Vector Autoregressive (S-VAR) models to capture both short- and long-run asymmetries between these variables. The asymmetry between industrial production and food price in the short- and long-run was revealed and the impact of negative shocks of industrial production on the food prices was dominant. This implies that lower economic activities result in declined industrial production and food shortage which exerts a hike in food prices. With respect to Saudi Arabia, a significant relationship between negative shocks in crude oil prices and food prices was found in short- as well as long-run periods. The estimations also reveal that increases in oil supply result in a decline in food prices decrease in both periods of time. Similarly, a positive association between GDP growth and food prices was found. Finally, the oil supply shocks are found as the main factor, followed by the oil demand shocks and crude oil prices, causing the food price variation in Saudi Arabia.