Archeological evidence shows that dairy farming dates to the early Neolithic era in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Over time, it has evolved from domestication to intensive dairy farms with large, high-tech processing units. Dairy farming has contributed to economic growth, food production, employment, and processing industries. Nonetheless, it has been identified as a major contributor to climate change. This study explores the literature on dairy farming and sustainable development goals (SDGs) to identify current scholarly developments since the formulation and adoption of the SDGs in 2015 and themes for future research. This paper argues that sustainability shortfalls in dairy farming are primarily driven by human processes associated with commercialization and industrialization rather than the animals themselves, although biological emissions remain an inherent factor. Data were analyzed using R package, Excel, NVIVO, and VoS Viewer. A review of the literature showed that dairy farming and its contribution to sustainability has gained more scientific interest since 2015. Moreover, livestock management, feed production and management, stakeholder management, logistics and supply chain management, and waste management are the sources of environmental adversities associated with dairy farming. Notably, these are human processes developed from the commercialization of dairy farming and involve multiple stakeholders across the supply chain. While solutions are embedded within these processes, innovation emerges as a key driver of sustainability and a source of opportunities to strengthen sustainability in the dairy farming sector and achieve SDGs. Sustainability strategies, such as sustainable intensification, multifunctional agriculture, and agro-ecology should be implemented to improve sustainability in the dairy sector.

Understanding borrowers’ behavior is essential in making lending decisions, strengthening financial inclusion, and alleviating poverty. This research adopts a bibliometric approach to provide an overview of the borrower’s behavior relative to the selected literature. Bibliometric analysis quantifies the impact and quality of scientific production. This study reviewed 989 articles obtained from SCOPUS and published from 1987 to 2023. Data were cleaned, formatted, and analyzed using VOS viewer (1.6.19) and the R-Bibliometrix package. The research established an increased interest in borrowers’ behavior among scholars. Nonetheless, it is overshadowed by studies in lending behavior, microfinance, banking, peer-to-peer lending, and fintech. The scholarly focus is mainly on the supply side of the credit industry with little regard to demand-side dynamics, such as borrowers’ decision-making processes, which can affect the performance of credit facilities. This study recommends that further studies on credit facility demand-side dynamics should be carried out to understand the drivers of borrowers’ decisions.

This study examines the drivers of net interest margin (NIM) in developing economies, with a particular emphasis on Ethiopian commercial banks. It adopts an explanatory research design, analyzing quantitative data from the audited financial statements of 13 banks over 13 years (2012–2024), totaling 169 observations. Both Driscoll–Kraay fixed- and random-effects standard errors were computed in RStudio (version 4.5). The primary analysis relied on Driscoll–Kraay random regression outcomes, though fixed regression results were included for robustness checks. Findings indicate that the loan-to-deposit ratio, bank size, capital adequacy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have a significant positive impact on NIM, underscoring their role in enhancing profitability and stability. Conversely, inflation significantly reduces margins, while no substantial effects were observed for operational efficiency or GDP. These insights suggest that Ethiopian banks should focus on asset growth, maintaining strong capital reserves, increasing the loan-to-deposit ratio, and attracting FDI. Policymakers are encouraged to stabilize inflation and create a conducive environment to FDI to support sectoral growth. Future research could investigate operational efficiency alongside industry-specific indexes, such as the Herfindahl–Hirschman index for loans, assets, and income, to better understand variations in NIM.

Informal borrowing from friends and acquaintances is a common financial practice in contexts where formal credit is limited, yet it carries significant emotional and relational implications. This study investigates how moral emotions, specifically guilt and shame, influence borrowing behavior, repayment decisions, and post-borrowing relationship quality. Drawing on prospect theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we conducted a cross-sectional survey (N = 384) among individuals with past peer-borrowing experiences and used regression model to analyze the data. The questionnaire was administered online to examine borrowers' psychological mechanisms before, during, and after borrowing. We found that shame significantly reduces borrowing willingness and impairs repayment behavior, while guilt positively predicts repayment, but has no effect on borrowing decisions. Demographic factors, such as gender and age moderate the effect of guilt, but not shame. Most notably, shame emerged as the strongest predictor of strained interpersonal relationships after borrowing. The findings highlight the emotional costs embedded in peer lending and suggest the need for peer-lending interventions and financial inclusion strategies that account for psychological and social dynamics. Addressing shame may be key to fostering emotionally safe borrowing environments and maintaining social cohesion in informal financial systems.

Kenya is an agriculture-based economy and dairy farming is a major contributor to the national revenue. As production intensifies, the negative effect on the climate becomes more evident. Therefore, there is a need to align production with sustainable development goals. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to map the scholarly research landscape on Kenya's dairy sector and its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 33 studies published from 2015 were obtained from the SCOPUS and analysed using R (Bibliometrix package) and VoS Viewer (1.6.19). The research established that since the enactment and ratification of the SDGs, there has been a marked increase in research on dairy farming sustainability in Kenya, though with significant yearly variations. Further, the study noted the predominance of small-scale dairy farming in Kenya, where the focus has traditionally been on increasing milk production, often at the expense of sustainable practices. Agriculture and sustainable intensification are the central themes reflecting efforts to balance increased food production and long-term sustainability, particularly in the face of climate change impacts such as droughts and heavy rainfall. The study underscores the critical role of both global and local collaborations in advancing research and addressing the sustainability challenges in Kenya’s dairy sector. The findings advocate for a multidisciplinary research approach to achieve a balanced emphasis on productivity and environmental sustainability, ensuring the sector's alignment with the SDGs for long-term growth and resilience.

Dairy farming dates to the early Neolithic era in Europe, Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Over time, the industry has evolved from small ranches and farmhouses milk processing units to large, intensive dairy farms and big, high-tech processing units. Despite the industry’s contribution to the economy and food production, multiple studies have tainted cattle farming as a main contributor to climate change. This study explores literature in dairy farming and sustainable development goals (SDGs) to identify current scholarly developments since the formulation and adoption of SDGs in 2015 and themes for future research. This paper argues that dairy animals are not the source of sustainability shortfalls as depicted by multiple scholarly articles, but human processes associated with dairy farming. Data was analyzed using R package, Excel, NVIVO, and VoS Viewer. A review of literature shows that dairy farming and its contribution to sustainability has gained more intensive scientific interest since 2015. Moreover, livestock management, feed production and management, stakeholder’s management, logistics and supply chain management, and waste management are the sources of environmental adversities associated with dairy farming. Notably, these are human processes developed from commercialization of dairy farming and involve multiple stakeholders across the supply chain. While solutions are embedded within these processes, innovation emerges as a key driver of sustainability and source of opportunities to strengthen sustainability in dairy farming sector and achieve the sustainable development goals.