The present study applied a multi-criteria analysis to evaluate the best approach among six theoretical frameworks related to the integrated management of water–environmental resources, analyzing the frequency of multiple management criteria. The literature review covers the period from 1990 to 2015, with a notable presence of the theoretical frameworks of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Ecohealth, Ecosystem Approach (EA), Water Framework Directive (WFD), and, to a lesser extent, the Watershed Governance Prism (WGP) and the Sustainability Wheel (SW). The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods applied include AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), and PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations). Twenty-five criteria were analyzed, such as governance, participation, sustainability, decentralization, and health and well-being, among others. We started with five criteria for evaluating the hierarchy of the six theoretical frameworks using the AHP method. Subsequently, we again evaluated the five criteria using the TOPSIS and PROMETHEE methods to calibrate the results with the AHP. Then, using word counting, we evaluated the best approach, applying 10, 15, 20, and 25 more criteria. Our results indicate that the best integrated management alternative was the WFD, which fulfilled 47% of the management criteria. Second, with 45%, was the WGP, and third was IWRM, with 41%; less successful approaches to the criteria were demonstrated by the EA, SW, and Ecohealth methods. By applying this methodology, we demonstrated an excellent structured tool that can aid in the selection of the most important issue within a given sector.

Tropical maar lakes are distinct ecosystems with unique ecological features. To comprehend, manage, and conserve these lakes, it is essential to understand their water sources, particularly groundwater, and the hydrogeochemical processes shaping their water chemistry. This research focuses on the maar lake Alchichica in central Mexico, known for harboring 18 new and endemic species and a ring of stromatolites. With groundwater discharge as the primary source, concerns arise over anthropic extraction impacts on water levels and stromatolite survival. Sampling six wells and one piezometer revealed major ion (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻) and trace element (Fe, Al³⁺, SiO₂) concentrations. Geochemical evolution was explored through diagrams, geological sections, and inverse geochemical models using the PHREEQC code. Findings indicate groundwater evolving along controlled flow paths, and influencing chemical composition through water–rock interactions. The lake’s unique conditions, resulting from the mixing of two flows, enable stromatolite formation. Water level reduction appears unrelated to evaporation at the sampled sites, suggesting a need for a broader study in a larger area. Analyzing the maar lake’s hydrochemistry provides valuable insights into unique characteristics supporting high endemism in this ecosystem. This research enhances our understanding of groundwater’s geochemical processes and hydrogeochemical evolution in maar lakes, with potential applications worldwide.