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We estimate the monetary value of a policy aimed at increasing rural co-operative production in Kazakhstan to increase milk production. We analyse the drivers associated with public support for such policy using the contingent valuation method. The role of individuals’ psychological aspects, based on the reasoned action approach, along with individuals’ views on the country’s past regime (i.e., to the former Soviet Union), their awareness about the governmental policy, their sociodemographic characteristics, and household location on their willingness to pay (WTP) for the policy is analysed using an interval regression model. Additionally, we examine changes in individuals’ WTP before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated total economic value of the policy is KZT 1335 bn for the length of the program at KZT 267 bn per year, which is approximately half the total program budget, which includes other interventions beyond the creation of production co-operatives. The total economic value of the policy would equal the cost of the whole program after 10 years, indicating public support for this policy amongst Kazakh citizens. Psychological factors, i.e., attitude, perceived social pressure, and perceived behavioural control, and the respondents’ awareness of the policy and views on the Soviet Union regime are associated with their WTP. Sociodemographic factors, namely, age, income, and education, are also statistically significant. Finally, the effect of the shocks of COVID-19 is negatively associated with the respondents’ WTP.
Samal Kaliyeva; Francisco Areal; Yiorgos Gadanakis. Would Kazakh Citizens Support a Milk Co-Operative System? Agriculture 2021, 11, 642 .
AMA StyleSamal Kaliyeva, Francisco Areal, Yiorgos Gadanakis. Would Kazakh Citizens Support a Milk Co-Operative System? Agriculture. 2021; 11 (7):642.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamal Kaliyeva; Francisco Areal; Yiorgos Gadanakis. 2021. "Would Kazakh Citizens Support a Milk Co-Operative System?" Agriculture 11, no. 7: 642.
In an era of global warming, long-standing challenges for rural populations, including land inequality, poverty and food insecurity, risk being exacerbated by the effects of climate change. Innovative and effective approaches, such as Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), are required to alleviate these environmental pressures without hampering efficiency. In countries with unequal distribution of land, where issues of access to and use of land rank high on the policy agenda, policymakers are confronted with the challenge of implementing interventions such as land reforms, whilst endeavouring to ensure that sustainable agriculture approaches be adopted by farm-households. The aim of this study is to investigate how land reforms can provide an opportunity for policymakers, particularly in lower-income countries, to enhance not only equity and efficiency but also environmental sustainability. In particular, this study builds on an extensive review of the theoretical and empirical literature and employs a conceptual framework analysis method to develop and describe a framework that explores how land reforms can be associated with the CSA approach. The resultant “Climate Smart Land Reform” (CSLR) framework contains four driving pillars, namely land redistribution, tenure reform, rural advisory services and markets and infrastructure. The framework disentangles relevant channels through which land reform, via its four pillars, can foster CSA adoption and thus contribute to the attainment of sustainable increases in agricultural productivity, climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation. The framework also includes relevant channels through which more ‘traditional’ objectives of land reformers, including economic, social and political objectives, can be achieved. In turn, the (partial) attainment of such objectives would lead to improvements in agroecological and socioeconomic conditions of rural areas and populations. These improvements are considered within the framework as the ‘ultimate’ objective of land reformers. The CSLR framework represents an innovative way of conceptualising how land reforms can generate beneficial effects not only in terms of equity and efficiency but also of environmental sustainability.
Alexis Rampa; Yiorgos Gadanakis; Gillian Rose. Land Reform in the Era of Global Warming—Can Land Reforms Help Agriculture Be Climate-Smart? Land 2020, 9, 471 .
AMA StyleAlexis Rampa, Yiorgos Gadanakis, Gillian Rose. Land Reform in the Era of Global Warming—Can Land Reforms Help Agriculture Be Climate-Smart? Land. 2020; 9 (12):471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexis Rampa; Yiorgos Gadanakis; Gillian Rose. 2020. "Land Reform in the Era of Global Warming—Can Land Reforms Help Agriculture Be Climate-Smart?" Land 9, no. 12: 471.
The government of Kazakhstan is currently developing strategies and policies to stimulate milk production at an industrial production level to increase milk processing capacity. We use and expand the reasoned action approach as a framework to study the factors underlying the rural household’s motivation to participate in a governmental programme aimed at increasing rural cooperative production in Kazakhstan to increase milk production using primary data acquired from 181 randomly selected dairy households in the Akmola region of Kazakhstan. We account for the rural household’s psychological factors and socio-demographic characteristics along with the household’s risk attitudes, production structure, level of information about the government support programme and cooperatives, cultural aspects as well as the household’s proximity to the main market. A bivariate probit model is used to jointly estimate the impact of these factors on the rural household’s intention to join and create a cooperative. The results show that rural households which hold positive views towards cooperatives, have a relatively high production capacity, are aware/know of cooperatives, and do not have a dairy business as a source of household income are relatively keen to participate in collective actions. Perceived social norms and household risk attitudes also play a significant role in the rural household’s intention to participate in collective actions. Finally, gender and nationality are found to be positively associated with joining and creating a cooperative, while higher educated rural households are found to be less motivated to participate in the programme. In order to stimulate milk production at an industrial production level through a policy that encourages collective action, we recommend a policy that (a) supports rural households which have the capacity to produce and are in need; (b) is attractive to rural households which consider dairy as a source of income; and (c) is well disseminated and well explained to the targeted rural households.
Samal Kaliyeva; Francisco Jose Areal; Yiorgos Gadanakis. Attitudes of Kazakh Rural Households towards Joining and Creating Cooperatives. Agriculture 2020, 10, 568 .
AMA StyleSamal Kaliyeva, Francisco Jose Areal, Yiorgos Gadanakis. Attitudes of Kazakh Rural Households towards Joining and Creating Cooperatives. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (11):568.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamal Kaliyeva; Francisco Jose Areal; Yiorgos Gadanakis. 2020. "Attitudes of Kazakh Rural Households towards Joining and Creating Cooperatives." Agriculture 10, no. 11: 568.
Purpose Rural farmers’ access to farm credit in Nigeria has been very low, which affects farm performance, and credit providers have blamed for the problem in the sector. While this general perception persists the fact may be the case of credit demand, rather than just the risk-averse attitudes of credit providers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate significant factors influencing farmers’ credit demand to ensure efficient credit provision. Design/methodology/approach The research adopted mixed methods for an in-depth investigation into the problem. There were 216 research participants split into equal halves of men and women from six local government areas of Nasarawa State. Data collection methods employed structured interviews, focus group discussions, close/open-ended and key informant interviews. Analytical tools involved descriptive statistics, the logit and multinomial logit models to determine participants’ socio-economic characteristics, sources of credit, access, factors influencing credit demand generally and from the various sources of credit identified. Findings Findings reveal only 47.6 per cent of the participants accessed credit, with fewer women accessing than men. The most accessed forms of credit are from the semi-formal sources, with more men accessing from formal sources and more women from non-formal sources. Factors having significant influence on credit demand generally are education, group membership and household size. And from formal, semi-formal and non-formal credit sources are education, information on sources of credit, deposits, household size and marital status; education, deposits, group membership, household size, flock size; and education, group membership, and gender from the non-formal credit providers, respectively. Research limitations/implications Due to time constraint, this study data were collected concurrently with both quantitative and qualitative methods and did not allow for the interrogation of findings from one method with the other. In addition, the research categorised the agency of women based on marital status only as single or married and did not interrogate the agency of women further, this may be a limitation as some of the female participants are from polygamous homes. Originality/value Unlike the current concentration of Nigerian research of this kind with quantitative methods alone, this research contributes particularly to Nigerian research output and experience by triangulating both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore farmers sources of credit, access and factors determining access to credit in the study area.
Asenath Kotugan Fada Silong; Yiorgos Gadanakis. Credit sources, access and factors influencing credit demand among rural livestock farmers in Nigeria. Agricultural Finance Review 2019, 80, 68 -90.
AMA StyleAsenath Kotugan Fada Silong, Yiorgos Gadanakis. Credit sources, access and factors influencing credit demand among rural livestock farmers in Nigeria. Agricultural Finance Review. 2019; 80 (1):68-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsenath Kotugan Fada Silong; Yiorgos Gadanakis. 2019. "Credit sources, access and factors influencing credit demand among rural livestock farmers in Nigeria." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 1: 68-90.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between capital structure and technical efficiency (TE) for Italian cereal farms during the 2008–2014 period. Emphasis is given in the understanding of the relationship between the level of financial leverage for cereal farms and their production performance. Design/methodology/approach The methods employed in this research article are based on non-parametric techniques in order to derive TE estimates for a sample of Italian cereal farms based on available Farm Accountancy Data Network data to explore in depth the relationship amongst the financial exposure of the sector and the capacity to utilise an efficient and effective production technology. Furthermore, subsidies are considered in the model as a non-discretionary variable and therefore, as an input that farmers cannot directly influence within the production function. Hence, the non-discretionary Data Envelopment Analysis model is a more appropriate framework since it is not penalising farms at a lower level of Pillar I payments when benchmarked with farms that receive a higher level of payments. Findings The results show that significant improvements could be achieved for most of the farms in the sample by improving production and management practices. Furthermore, results provide an empirical support of the adjustment theory by showing a negative impact of debt to asset ratio to TE. Originality/value This research article provides a first insight on the evolution of the Italian cereal farms debt-TE relationship in periods where high price instability has been observed.
Yiorgos Gadanakis; Gianluca Stefani; Ginerva Virginia Lombardi; Marco Tiberti. The impact of financial leverage on farm technical efficiency during periods of price instability. Agricultural Finance Review 2019, 80, 1 -21.
AMA StyleYiorgos Gadanakis, Gianluca Stefani, Ginerva Virginia Lombardi, Marco Tiberti. The impact of financial leverage on farm technical efficiency during periods of price instability. Agricultural Finance Review. 2019; 80 (1):1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYiorgos Gadanakis; Gianluca Stefani; Ginerva Virginia Lombardi; Marco Tiberti. 2019. "The impact of financial leverage on farm technical efficiency during periods of price instability." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 1: 1-21.
The physical environment of farming systems is rarely considered when conducting farm level efficiency analysis, which is likely to lead to bias of performance measurements based on benchmarking methods such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). We incorporate variations of the physical environment (rainfall and length of growing season) through the specifications of the linear programming in DEA to investigate performance measurement bias. The derived technical efficiency estimates are obtained using a sub-vector DEA which ensures farms are compared in a homogenous environment (i.e. accounting for differences in rainfall levels amongst distinct farm units). We use the Farm Business Survey to analyse a representative sample of 245 cereal farms in the East Anglia region between 2009 and 2010. Efficiency rankings obtained from a standard DEA model and a non-discretionary DEA model that incorporates the variations in the physical environment. We show that incorporating rainfall and the length of the growing season as non-discretionary inputs into the production function had significantly altered the farm efficiency ranking between the two models. Hence, to improve extension services to farmers and to reduce biased estimates of farm technical efficiency, variations in environmental conditions need to be integral to the analysis of efficiency.
Yiorgos Gadanakis; Francisco José Areal. Accounting for rainfall and the length of growing season in technical efficiency analysis. Operational Research 2018, 20, 2583 -2608.
AMA StyleYiorgos Gadanakis, Francisco José Areal. Accounting for rainfall and the length of growing season in technical efficiency analysis. Operational Research. 2018; 20 (4):2583-2608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYiorgos Gadanakis; Francisco José Areal. 2018. "Accounting for rainfall and the length of growing season in technical efficiency analysis." Operational Research 20, no. 4: 2583-2608.
Arguably the greatest grand challenge for humankind is to keep the biosphere within its safe and just operating space, providing sufficient resources to meet people’s needs without exceeding the Earth’s capacity to supply them (Raworth, 2012). “Safe” is defined in terms of keeping planetary environmental processes, through mechanisms such as climate regulation and improved nutrient cycles, within limits over the long term (Rockstrom et al., 2009). “Just” is increasingly being interpreted in terms of meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals, with targets addressing various forms of equity as well as biophysical needs (Griggs et al., 2013). Keeping the biosphere within the operating space requires that we produce the food we need, along with the ecosystem and socioeconomic goods and services we require (Garnett et al., 2013). By definition, achieving this challenge also means achieving the sustainable intensification (SI) of agriculture, whereby more food is produced from the same area of land (or water), with reduced or reversed negative environmental impacts accompanied by a range of positive societal and environmental co-benefits. SI is variously considered as a goal (Royal Society, 2009), a process (Firbank et al., 2013), a trade-off between economic production activity and ecological performance (Gadanakis et al., 2015), or a suite of interventions (Godfray and Garnett, 2014). Is this challenge achievable? The jury is out. There are growing calls for dramatic increases in food production (Bernard and Lux, 2017) alongside grave concerns around the environmental impacts of agriculture on biodiversity (Maxwell et al., 2016), climate change (Whitfield et al., 2018), ecosystem services (Dobson et al., 2006), and continued food production (Smith et al., 2016). But people are starting to provide some tentative answers, suggesting that it is possible to stay within the safe and just operating space, as long as certain changes to the agrifood system are put in place. For instance, Mauser et al. (2015) suggested that improved crop management and market mechanisms could make the need to use more land to meet demand for biomass unnecessary. Muller et al. (2017) have asked whether organic farming could feed the world, while at the same time meet a range of environmental sustainability objectives. They sought to answer this by developing simulations of food supply and environmental impact under different scenarios of change in land use, levels of food waste, and potential impact of climate change on yields. Their answer was that organic farming will only feed the world if other aspects of the food system are changed at the same time. Finally, Eshel et al. (2017) have looked at the impacts of a shift to “sustainable” beef production in the US, concluding that a beef industry fed only by pastures and by-products of the food industry could generate around 43% of current levels of production and deliver substantial benefits to human health, depending on whether land used to grow livestock feed is reallocated to other crops. Such simulation studies are starting to bring about a degree of rigor to a debate that has otherwise been dominated more by heat than by light, simply by focusing attention on the assumptions behind the models. These conceal some rather large unknowns, including (i) the extent to which pest and disease control on organic land is subsidized by pesticide applications in the surrounding landscape; (ii) the scale of natural capital (NC) needed to help mitigate increasing climate volatility, where NC is defined as the world’s stock of natural assets needed to sustain food production; and (iii) the extent to which soil management for food production can provide carbon sequestration. It is also a challenge to reach some form of consensus on the meaning and measurement of agricultural sustainability. Musumba et al. (2017) proposed a framework for farm-scale sustainability assessments that include elements of social justice, NC, and food security. Of course, the selection of appropriate indicators is a long way from ensuring sustainable agriculture. Farmers need to gain enough value from their social and ecosystem benefits to adopt sustainable farming methods, and their choices will depend on social, economic, environmental, and regulatory context (de Oliveira Silva et al., 2016); in particular, they will need to maintain soil function and resilience (Schiefer et al., 2016). However, evidence of farming practices that simultaneously benefit food production and environment (Pywell et al., 2015) does not ensure the wide uptake of such practices: institutional innovation may be needed (Schut et al., 2016) as well as actions promoting behavioral and attitudinal change by both farmers (Moran et al., 2013) and the public (Barnes et al., 2016), many of whom are risk-averse. Sustainable landscape and catchment management is more complex again, as it is delivered by balancing different land and water uses and users across the area, either in terms of total amounts (Hodgson et al., 2010) or through spatially explicit allocation of land uses (Panagopoulos et al., 2012; Tscharntke et al., 2012; Landis, 2017). Dearing et al. (2014) examined interactions among a range of food and environmental indicators from two areas of China and concluded that increases in food production have pushed water quality beyond safe limits. While there may have been agricultural intensification, this was not achieved in an environmentally sustainable manner, which is now recognized (Liu et al., 2016). The situation is further complicated by the reality of highly globalized value chains, the resultant transfers of value, nutrients, and pollutants as well as embedded carbon, energy, water, and labor. Adding to this, the relationships between rural, peri-urban, and urban agrifood systems are rapidly changing (Battersby, 2017). Throughout the twentieth century, the...
Leslie G. Firbank; Simon Attwood; Vera Eory; Yiorgos Gadanakis; John Michael Lynch; Roberta Sonnino; Taro Takahashi. Grand Challenges in Sustainable Intensification and Ecosystem Services. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2018, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleLeslie G. Firbank, Simon Attwood, Vera Eory, Yiorgos Gadanakis, John Michael Lynch, Roberta Sonnino, Taro Takahashi. Grand Challenges in Sustainable Intensification and Ecosystem Services. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2018; 2 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeslie G. Firbank; Simon Attwood; Vera Eory; Yiorgos Gadanakis; John Michael Lynch; Roberta Sonnino; Taro Takahashi. 2018. "Grand Challenges in Sustainable Intensification and Ecosystem Services." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2, no. : 1.
One of the main challenges of climate change on agriculture in UK is how to adapt to the potential changes to the availability of water. Changes in rainfall distribution may potentially lead to an increase in drought frequency, magnitude and duration. In this research a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and a Malmquist Index (MI) are combined with a double bootstrap methodology to measure changes in Total Factor Productivity of general cropping farms in East Anglia. More specifically, the DEA technique was used to measure the year by year efficiency score for the farms in the sample and the MI and its components used to derive information on productivity over time. Data for the input – output models was obtained from the Farm Business Survey. Climate change is taken into consideration by using data for water cost as a proxy indicator of water consumption per farm. Results reveal changes in total, technical and scale efficiency and provide information on how the 2011 drought affect the TFP of the farms in the sample.
Yiorgos Gadanakis; Francisco José Areal. Measuring the Impact of Extreme Weather Phenomena on Total Factor Productivity of General Cropping Farms in East Anglia. International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models 2018, 3, 1 -22.
AMA StyleYiorgos Gadanakis, Francisco José Areal. Measuring the Impact of Extreme Weather Phenomena on Total Factor Productivity of General Cropping Farms in East Anglia. International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models. 2018; 3 (1):1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYiorgos Gadanakis; Francisco José Areal. 2018. "Measuring the Impact of Extreme Weather Phenomena on Total Factor Productivity of General Cropping Farms in East Anglia." International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models 3, no. 1: 1-22.
This paper analyses the impacts of the 2003 CAP reform on the production of Italian olive oil controlling for the regional differences in olive oil production as well as for the differences between years. Italian olive oil production time series data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network for the 2000-2010 period at regional level is used to examine the effect of the 2003 Fischler reform on the production of olive oil. Production costs and payments received by farmers to support their income are considered. The data were collected at micro level based on a sample of farms representative of the production systems in the country. In order to consider the differences in production among the regions, eight representative regions in terms of surveyed farms are considered. The authors found that the most important factors affecting the production of olive oil are the area under olive groves and labour productivity. Results also show no evidence that the level of payments have an impact to the level of production, however, the type of payments has.
Valentina Sabbatini; Yiorgos Gadanakis; Francisco Areal. Variation on the Effects of the 2003 CAP Reform and Regional Differences in the Italian Olive Oil Sector. International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models 2016, 1, 48 -60.
AMA StyleValentina Sabbatini, Yiorgos Gadanakis, Francisco Areal. Variation on the Effects of the 2003 CAP Reform and Regional Differences in the Italian Olive Oil Sector. International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models. 2016; 1 (1):48-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Sabbatini; Yiorgos Gadanakis; Francisco Areal. 2016. "Variation on the Effects of the 2003 CAP Reform and Regional Differences in the Italian Olive Oil Sector." International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models 1, no. 1: 48-60.
Yiorgos Gadanakis; Richard Bennett; Julian Park; Francisco Jose Areal. Improving productivity and water use efficiency: A case study of farms in England. Agricultural Water Management 2015, 160, 22 -32.
AMA StyleYiorgos Gadanakis, Richard Bennett, Julian Park, Francisco Jose Areal. Improving productivity and water use efficiency: A case study of farms in England. Agricultural Water Management. 2015; 160 ():22-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYiorgos Gadanakis; Richard Bennett; Julian Park; Francisco Jose Areal. 2015. "Improving productivity and water use efficiency: A case study of farms in England." Agricultural Water Management 160, no. : 22-32.
Sustainable Intensification (SI) of agriculture has recently received widespread political attention, in both the UK and internationally. The concept recognises the need to simultaneously raise yields, increase input use efficiency and reduce the negative environmental impacts of farming systems to secure future food production and to sustainably use the limited resources for agriculture. The objective of this paper is to outline a policy-making tool to assess SI at a farm level. Based on the method introduced by Kuosmanen and Kortelainen (2005), we use an adapted Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to consider the substitution possibilities between economic value and environmental pressures generated by farming systems in an aggregated index of Eco-Efficiency. Farm level data, specifically General Cropping Farms (GCFs) from the East Anglian River Basin Catchment (EARBC), UK were used as the basis for this analysis. The assignment of weights to environmental pressures through linear programming techniques, when optimising the relative Eco-Efficiency score, allows the identification of appropriate production technologies and practices (integrating pest management, conservation farming, precision agriculture, etc.) for each farm and therefore indicates specific improvements that can be undertaken towards SI. Results are used to suggest strategies for the integration of farming practices and environmental policies in the framework of SI of agriculture. Paths for improving the index of Eco-Efficiency and therefore reducing environmental pressures are also outlined.
Yiorgos Gadanakis; Richard Bennett; Julian Park; Francisco Jose Areal. Evaluating the Sustainable Intensification of arable farms. Journal of Environmental Management 2015, 150, 288 -298.
AMA StyleYiorgos Gadanakis, Richard Bennett, Julian Park, Francisco Jose Areal. Evaluating the Sustainable Intensification of arable farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 2015; 150 ():288-298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYiorgos Gadanakis; Richard Bennett; Julian Park; Francisco Jose Areal. 2015. "Evaluating the Sustainable Intensification of arable farms." Journal of Environmental Management 150, no. : 288-298.