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Tzu-Ping Lin
Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Rd., East Dist., Tainan 701, Taiwan

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Preprint content
Published: 18 June 2021
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The climate in Taiwan is hot and humid, and urban show high-density development. The dense urban development has increased the heat storage of the ground and buildings. The compact arrangement of tall buildings causes the narrowness of the urban space to block the sky's view and hinders the relatively smooth airflow, which will cause problems such as poor ventilation in the city and cause high thermal risk in the city. In the past, when obtaining climate data, if only the climate stations set by the Central Meteorological Bureau were used, the distance between the stations was too far, and the coverage of the ground around the distribution area was almost the same, resulting in significant differences between the predicted results and the actual climate conditions. Therefore, this research established a microclimate measurement network to obtain climate data. For the urban environment information, the urban built environment data, such as digital surface model, and building information, were regulated data or required to purchase. Therefore, this study uses the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) which can consider land use and land cover simultaneously and can be freely produced by satellite images. The typology classification method can be used to view the city by the height and density of obstacles. LCZ can solve the inaccuracy of estimation caused by the mixed land-use in Taiwan and assign various types of related data from the scheme such as heat capacity, albedo, and roughness through classification results. This study herein applies LCZ combined with a mesoscale climate prediction model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) to predict the climate conditions within the study's scope and compare them with actual measured values. It can be used for urban climate assessment. The research results preliminarily show that by applying the LCZ classification and its corresponding factors to WRF with Multi-layer urban canopy model which can consider vertical surfaces such as building volume facades horizontal surfaces such as streets and roofs. The predicted temperature and actual temperature will be slightly underestimated, and it can be approximately between 1.5°C to 2.5°C in the urban area at night and 0.5°C to 1°C during the day. This phenomenon may be due to the relative ratio of buildings and road width in Taiwan, making the actual night. The heat dissipation effect is poor, and it is easy to cause heat accumulation in the urban area.

ACS Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Fang Yi Cheng; Cheng Pei Yang; Tzu Ping Lin. The combination use of microclimate measurement network, urban type classification and mesoscale climate prediction model to estimate the thermal condition distribution. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Yu Cheng Chen, Fang Yi Cheng, Cheng Pei Yang, Tzu Ping Lin. The combination use of microclimate measurement network, urban type classification and mesoscale climate prediction model to estimate the thermal condition distribution. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Fang Yi Cheng; Cheng Pei Yang; Tzu Ping Lin. 2021. "The combination use of microclimate measurement network, urban type classification and mesoscale climate prediction model to estimate the thermal condition distribution." , no. : 1.

Editorial
Published: 25 February 2021 in Atmosphere
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Facing the impacts of climate change and urbanization, adaptation and resilience to climate extremes have become important issues of global concern

ACS Style

Andreas Matzarakis; Sorin Cheval; Tzu-Ping Lin; Oded Potchter. Challenges in Applied Human Biometeorology. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 296 .

AMA Style

Andreas Matzarakis, Sorin Cheval, Tzu-Ping Lin, Oded Potchter. Challenges in Applied Human Biometeorology. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (3):296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Matzarakis; Sorin Cheval; Tzu-Ping Lin; Oded Potchter. 2021. "Challenges in Applied Human Biometeorology." Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 296.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Sustainability
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In Taiwan, the daytime temperature usually exceeds 37 °C in summer, and the increase in air-conditioning usage has led to higher energy demand, which brings a heavy burden to power plants. The Kaohsiung House Project, undertaken by the city government, encourages the installation of greening facilities in buildings, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels on rooftops and vertical gardens on balconies, in order to preserve energy and reduce carbon emissions. In the present study, the urban heat island effect and temperature distribution within the city was examined through the establishment of 16 temperature measurement sites within a 7.5 km × 6 km area. A between-site temperature difference of 2 °C was observed between April and August. Areas with higher temperature are recommended to increase their green space ratio through the project. Moreover, relocating PV panels in low-temperature areas increased the overall generation efficiency by 0.8%. Through the analysis of the measured data, this study determined which areas were more appropriate for green space expansion, and which would best serve for green energy generation, all with the aim of improving external environmental comfort and maximizing carbon reduction. Recommendations regarding the implementation of subsequent policies were issued and they provide reference for implementation in other cities.

ACS Style

Chien-Chiao Chao; Kuo-An Hung; Szu-Yuan Chen; Feng-Yi Lin; Tzu-Ping Lin. Application of a High-Density Temperature Measurement System for the Management of the Kaohsiung House Project. Sustainability 2021, 13, 960 .

AMA Style

Chien-Chiao Chao, Kuo-An Hung, Szu-Yuan Chen, Feng-Yi Lin, Tzu-Ping Lin. Application of a High-Density Temperature Measurement System for the Management of the Kaohsiung House Project. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chien-Chiao Chao; Kuo-An Hung; Szu-Yuan Chen; Feng-Yi Lin; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2021. "Application of a High-Density Temperature Measurement System for the Management of the Kaohsiung House Project." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 960.

Original paper
Published: 27 October 2020 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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The disclosed study undertook a ‘human centred-approach’ that ascertained and categorised environmental human thermophysiological risk factors by relating them to the human biometeorological system through the use of three widely utilised energy balance model (EBM) indices, the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), the modified PET, and the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). The disclosed assessment was carried out over the past decade (i.e., 2010–2019) with a 3-h temporal resolution for the case of Ankara through two WMO meteorological stations to compare both local urban and peri-urban environmental conditions. The study recognised extreme annual variability of human physiological stress (PS) during the different seasons as a result of the biometeorological processing of the singular variables, which in the case of average PET for both stations, varied by up to 75 °C between the winter and summer for the same annual dataset (2012). In addition, all EBMs indicated higher heat stress within the city centre that were conducive of both urban extreme heatwaves and very hot days during the summer months, with extreme heat stress levels lasting for longer than a week with PET values reaching a maximum of 48 °C. Similar cold extremes were found for the winter months, with PET values reaching − 30 °C, and average PS levels varying lower in the case of the peri-urban station.Graphical abstract

ACS Style

A. Santos Nouri; Y. Afacan; O. Çalışkan; Tzu-Ping Lin; A. Matzarakis. Approaching environmental human thermophysiological thresholds for the case of Ankara, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2020, 143, 533 -555.

AMA Style

A. Santos Nouri, Y. Afacan, O. Çalışkan, Tzu-Ping Lin, A. Matzarakis. Approaching environmental human thermophysiological thresholds for the case of Ankara, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2020; 143 (1-2):533-555.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Santos Nouri; Y. Afacan; O. Çalışkan; Tzu-Ping Lin; A. Matzarakis. 2020. "Approaching environmental human thermophysiological thresholds for the case of Ankara, Turkey." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 143, no. 1-2: 533-555.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2020 in Atmosphere
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It is quite difficult to investigate thermal comfort in hot–humid regions, and there have not been many real case studies or research related to this issue. In this article, four running events held in nearby popular travel spots in Kaohsiung, the largest city in southern Taiwan, were selected to analyze the influence of thermal environment and air quality on thermal comfort. Mostly real time environmental monitoring data were applied for estimating thermal indicators, along with Sky View Factor (SVF) data taken at the sites of the running scheduled routes, to analyze the thermal performance of participants at running events. Compared with runners, walkers (local residents, fans, and staff of the events) would be exposed to a greater risk of thermal discomfort with increasing time spent on the routes. With the integrated analysis, mPET (modified physiologically equivalent temperature) can be viewed as a relatively comprehensive indicator in considering both environmental thermal conditions and the biometrical differences of activities and clothing types. From the results, a good correlation between mPET and solar radiation/SVF was obtained, which indicated that mPET could be sufficiently sensible in revealing the thermal condition variation from one site to another during the route with time. Based on the discomfort risk assessment, for runners, the event held in autumn with lower SVF at the route sites would be less risky of thermal discomfort, while the event held in spring with lower solar radiation would be more comfortable for walkers. As for air quality condition, the inappropriateness of holding winter outdoor activities in Kaohsiung was obviously shown in both real time monitoring data and long term analysis.

ACS Style

Si-Yu Yu; Andreas Matzarakis; Tzu-Ping Lin. A Study of the Thermal Environment and Air Quality in Hot–Humid Regions during Running Events in Southern Taiwan. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1101 .

AMA Style

Si-Yu Yu, Andreas Matzarakis, Tzu-Ping Lin. A Study of the Thermal Environment and Air Quality in Hot–Humid Regions during Running Events in Southern Taiwan. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (10):1101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Si-Yu Yu; Andreas Matzarakis; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2020. "A Study of the Thermal Environment and Air Quality in Hot–Humid Regions during Running Events in Southern Taiwan." Atmosphere 11, no. 10: 1101.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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The urban heat island effect in cities has become an important problem in relation to not only urban climate but also public health and urban planning. Tainan, which located in Southern Taiwan, is a compact city with intense development. Therefore, this study investigated the urban thermal condition by employing a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN). A total of 100 measurement points were set in various urban development areas. The geographic factors in Tainan can be used for indicating the relationship between thermal conditions and urban built environments to comprehensively compare the approaches, such as conducting traverse measurement and utilizing only a single datum or a small amount of weather station data. Buffer zone analysis was used in this study for zones of different sizes, and it was determined that a 300-m scale is optimal to illustrate the effects of land features on microclimate. The results revealed that the thermal condition in Tainan is influenced by urban development factors, such as the floor area and land cover area, and by geographic factors, such as the distance to the sea. A better cooling effect can be obtained from a vegetation area during the night time and from a water body during the daytime. Moreover, different cooling effects are observed based on the distance to the sea. Through these results, a model for predicting the thermal condition for different periods can be established using a multiple regression model. Urban planners and architects can proffer design and planning suggestions for different areas based on the findings of this study to reduce thermal stress in urban areas.

ACS Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Yu-Jie Liao; Chun-Kuei Yao; Tsuyoshi Honjo; Chi-Kuei Wang; Tzu-Ping Lin. The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): The relationship between air temperature, urban development, and geographic features. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 685, 710 -722.

AMA Style

Yu Cheng Chen, Yu-Jie Liao, Chun-Kuei Yao, Tsuyoshi Honjo, Chi-Kuei Wang, Tzu-Ping Lin. The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): The relationship between air temperature, urban development, and geographic features. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 685 ():710-722.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Yu-Jie Liao; Chun-Kuei Yao; Tsuyoshi Honjo; Chi-Kuei Wang; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2019. "The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): The relationship between air temperature, urban development, and geographic features." Science of The Total Environment 685, no. : 710-722.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the atmospheric CO2 level has been continuously increasing because of the overall energy use in urban areas that generates excessively high levels of CO2 emissions. This study reviewed the relevant literature, then adopted the Taichung metropolitan area as the research target and assessed carbon emissions with respect to buildings, traffic, and carbon sinks. The overall carbon budget of the metropolitan area was mapped following a statistical analysis of the numerical data and urban space information. The results of this study indicated that the annual average urban carbon emissions consist of 67.6% building carbon emissions, 30.5% traffic carbon emissions, and −1.9% carbon sink absorption. In this study, a multiple regression model was used to calculate the floor area of each building. This study also determined that densely populated areas emitted higher levels of carbon than less populated areas. For every square meter of total floor area, 16.51 tCO2/m2·yr of carbon were emitted from buildings every year. Recommended policies for the city government to implement in the future were organized and used to establish three simulation scenarios of the various implementation stages. The results indicated that adjusting the floor area ratio of buildings is the optimal carbon reduction approach, achieving a reduction of at most 620,363 tons of carbon per year, and multi-scale carbon reduction hotspots were mapped out. In addition, the high-resolution grid was used to present the multi-scale carbon budget results, which helps government agencies to formulate follow-up priority carbon reduction strategies and urban carbon neutral policies.

ACS Style

Chou-Tsang Chang; Chih-Hsuan Yang; Tzu-Ping Lin. Carbon dioxide emissions evaluations and mitigations in the building and traffic sectors in Taichung metropolitan area, Taiwan. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 230, 1241 -1255.

AMA Style

Chou-Tsang Chang, Chih-Hsuan Yang, Tzu-Ping Lin. Carbon dioxide emissions evaluations and mitigations in the building and traffic sectors in Taichung metropolitan area, Taiwan. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 230 ():1241-1255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chou-Tsang Chang; Chih-Hsuan Yang; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2019. "Carbon dioxide emissions evaluations and mitigations in the building and traffic sectors in Taichung metropolitan area, Taiwan." Journal of Cleaner Production 230, no. : 1241-1255.

Original paper
Published: 12 January 2019 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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The intense development of Taipei City has caused high thermal stress in its urban areas. This study used the urban climatic map (UCmap) and the local climate zone (LCZ) to analyze how land development patterns have affected urban thermal conditions. The UCmap is an efficient tool for obtaining information about urban microclimatic conditions based on urban development parameters and the map provides urban planners with information to mitigate the growing problem of thermal stress. The LCZ is system for classifying urban morphology including land cover, buildings, and vegetation, which can be used to relate land patterns to climate conditions. The results of this study indicate that combining UCmap and the LCZ is helpful for assessing thermal conditions in urban areas, and this approach can be used in many cities to determine the most suitable built environment for mitigating thermal stress.

ACS Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Tzu-Wen Lo; Wan-Yu Shih; Tzu-Ping Lin. Interpreting air temperature generated from urban climatic map by urban morphology in Taipei. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2019, 137, 2657 -2662.

AMA Style

Yu Cheng Chen, Tzu-Wen Lo, Wan-Yu Shih, Tzu-Ping Lin. Interpreting air temperature generated from urban climatic map by urban morphology in Taipei. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2019; 137 (3-4):2657-2662.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Tzu-Wen Lo; Wan-Yu Shih; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2019. "Interpreting air temperature generated from urban climatic map by urban morphology in Taipei." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137, no. 3-4: 2657-2662.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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As urbanization expands and diversifies, weather data produced by a single weather station in a suburb are no longer adequate to represent and reflect microclimatic changes of a city. This study selected 34 automatic weather stations in Tainan City, Taiwan, to conduct temperature and humidity measurements over a period of one year. Based on those observed weather data and urban environment parameters obtained from a geographic information system, as well as morphing approach, this study constructed a method of generating hourly local weather data for urban areas while accounting for urban heat island (UHI) effect in summer. Meanwhile, we discussed the relativities of the urban form and its structure against the variations of local hourly temperature and relative humidity under six buffer scenarios. Error analysis results revealed that minimal prediction errors can be obtained using the buffer scenario involving a 1000 × 1000 m2 four-layer buffer with inner and outer layers and upwind and downwind areas. Finally, using the hourly weather data produced for Tainan City, we calculated the long-term cumulative UHI intensity (UHII) and urban bioclimatic indexes (i.e., thermal stress, use of natural ventilation, and cooling degree day) and investigated how urban form and structure are related to UHII, thermal stress, use of natural ventilation, and cooling degree day. The results can inform urban policy making.

ACS Style

Feng-Yi Lin; Kuo-Tsang Huang; Tzu-Ping Lin; Ruey-Lung Hwang. Generating hourly local weather data with high spatially resolution and the applications in bioclimatic performance. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 653, 1262 -1271.

AMA Style

Feng-Yi Lin, Kuo-Tsang Huang, Tzu-Ping Lin, Ruey-Lung Hwang. Generating hourly local weather data with high spatially resolution and the applications in bioclimatic performance. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 653 ():1262-1271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng-Yi Lin; Kuo-Tsang Huang; Tzu-Ping Lin; Ruey-Lung Hwang. 2018. "Generating hourly local weather data with high spatially resolution and the applications in bioclimatic performance." Science of The Total Environment 653, no. : 1262-1271.

Review
Published: 01 August 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Over the past century, many research studies have been conducted in an attempt to define thermal conditions for humans in the outdoor environment and to grade thermal sensation. Consequently, a large number of indices have been proposed. The examination of human thermal indices by thermal subjective perception has become recently a methodical issue to confirm the accuracy, applicability and validation of human thermal indices. The aims of this study are: (a) to review studies containing both calculated human thermal conditions and subjective thermal perception in the outdoor environment (b) to identify the most used human thermal indices for evaluating human thermal perception (c) to examine the relation between human thermal comfort range and outdoor thermal environment conditions and (d) to compare between categories of thermal sensation in different climatic zones based on subjective perception and levels of thermal strain. A comprehensive literature review identified 110 peer-reviewed articles which investigated in-situ thermal conditions versus subjective thermal perception during 2001-2017. It seems that out of 165 human thermal indices that have been developed, only 4 (PET, PMV, UTCI, SET*) are widely in use for outdoor thermal perception studies. Examination of the relation between human thermal comfort range and outdoor thermal environment conditions for selective indices in different climatic zones shows that the range of the thermal comfort or dis-comfort is affected by the outdoor thermal environment. For the PET index, the "neutral" range for hot climates of 24-26°C is agreed by 95% of the studies where for cold climate, the "neutral" range of 15-20°C is agreed by 89% of the studies. For the UTCI, the "no thermal stress" category is common to all climates. The "no stress category" of 16-23°C is agreed by 80% of the case studies, while 100% of the case studies agreed that the range is between 18 and 23°C.

ACS Style

Oded Potchter; Pninit Cohen; Tzu-Ping Lin; Andreas Matzarakis. Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 631-632, 390 -406.

AMA Style

Oded Potchter, Pninit Cohen, Tzu-Ping Lin, Andreas Matzarakis. Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 631-632 ():390-406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oded Potchter; Pninit Cohen; Tzu-Ping Lin; Andreas Matzarakis. 2018. "Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification." Science of The Total Environment 631-632, no. : 390-406.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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The outdoor thermal environment is expected to be deteriorated under climate change. An approach of risk identification including assessment from aspects of thermal stress effect, people's exposure, and local's vulnerability were adopted to study a hot-and-humid traditional rural community located at Tainan, Taiwan. Layers of each aspect were either constructed by in-situ measurements or simulations. To evaluate the future thermal comfort changes by simulations, the prerequisite hourly climate data of three future time slices were produced. Prognostic simulation model, ENVI-met, in combination with diagnostic model, RayMan, were respectively used for identifying current spatial distribution of thermal stress and for assessing the future thermal comfort changes. High thermal risk area was identified by superimposing layers of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. It revealed that because of the tourists' vulnerability to adapt local climate and the inflexibleness of choosing visiting time, it exhibited a high thermal stress at the Main Courtyard where its thermal comfort conditions will be deteriorated due to climate change. Furthermore, the thermal comfort conditions in various shading orientation were analyzed based on the changing climate in three future time slices, i.e. 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. The results show the area with shading in the East and West side is more comfort than in the North side. In hot season, shading in the West side contributes less PET increasing, especially in the afternoon period. The severest overheat problem (the physiological equivalent temperature, PET > 40 °C) at the Main Courtyard will increase from current 10% to 28% in 2071–2100 in terms of overheating occurrence frequency. The results of this study can be used as the guidelines for environment analysis before planning or redesign community.

ACS Style

Kuo-Tsang Huang; Shing-Ru Yang; Andreas Matzarakis; Tzu-Ping Lin. Identifying outdoor thermal risk areas and evaluation of future thermal comfort concerning shading orientation in a traditional settlement. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 626, 567 -580.

AMA Style

Kuo-Tsang Huang, Shing-Ru Yang, Andreas Matzarakis, Tzu-Ping Lin. Identifying outdoor thermal risk areas and evaluation of future thermal comfort concerning shading orientation in a traditional settlement. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 626 ():567-580.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kuo-Tsang Huang; Shing-Ru Yang; Andreas Matzarakis; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2018. "Identifying outdoor thermal risk areas and evaluation of future thermal comfort concerning shading orientation in a traditional settlement." Science of The Total Environment 626, no. : 567-580.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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The effects of urban heat island (UHI) have recently become a crucial issue. This study utilized a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN) to understand the UHI characteristics in Tainan City. A total of 100 measurement points were established throughout the city. The average distance between two neighboring measuring points was 1.9 km in rural areas and 0.8 km in metropolitan areas. The UHI caused a temperature differences of at least 3 °C in each month over the study period, and the UHI's centric point moved from west to east during the day and from east to west at night, mainly because of the physical effects of the different urban environment including location and the impermeable surface area (ISA), total floor area, and sky view factor in urban areas. The results also indicated that factors such as ISA and distance to the coast had the strongest influence on thermal conditions at various times, especially in the areas far from the coast during the hot season. This was mainly because of differences in how heat was retained over the study area. The HiSAN method can be used by urban planners, architects, and policymakers to mitigate the thermal stresses caused by complex urban environments.

ACS Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Chun-Kuei Yao; Tsuyoshi Honjo; Tzu-Ping Lin. The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): Dynamic variation characteristics of urban heat island in Tainan, Taiwan. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 626, 555 -566.

AMA Style

Yu Cheng Chen, Chun-Kuei Yao, Tsuyoshi Honjo, Tzu-Ping Lin. The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): Dynamic variation characteristics of urban heat island in Tainan, Taiwan. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 626 ():555-566.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Chun-Kuei Yao; Tsuyoshi Honjo; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2018. "The application of a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN): Dynamic variation characteristics of urban heat island in Tainan, Taiwan." Science of The Total Environment 626, no. : 555-566.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Sustainability
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Taiwan, located in the East Asia, is an island country with limited natural resources. To increase economic growth and reduce CO2 emission levels, the Taiwanese government is promoting a sustainable low-carbon tourism industry. This study investigated the CO2 emission coefficient of tourist activities and identified the CO2 emissions (CE) patterns of international visitors to Taiwan. The total CO2 emission per visitor without considering international transportation was estimated using a questionnaire. The total CO2 emission comprises the CO2 emission of transportation, the CO2 emission of accommodation, and the CO2 emission of tourist activities. The results suggest that more convenient public transportation might help to reduce the total CO2 emission. Without considering CO2 emission from international air travel, in contrast to many non-island countries where CO2 emission of transportation is the main contributor to total CO2 emission, the CO2 emission of accommodation was the main contributor to total CO2 emission in Taiwan. To reduce the CO2 emission of accommodation, the Taiwanese government should improve the energy-use efficiency of devices in tourist hotels and promote bed-and-breakfast accommodations with low CO2 emission coefficients. Visitors enjoyed culinary journeys and shopping, both of which are activities that contribute highly to the CO2 emission of tourist activities because of their high CO2 emission coefficients.

ACS Style

Kang-Ting Tsai; Tzu-Ping Lin; Yu-Hao Lin; Chien-Hung Tung; Yi-Ting Chiu. The Carbon Impact of International Tourists to an Island Country. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1386 .

AMA Style

Kang-Ting Tsai, Tzu-Ping Lin, Yu-Hao Lin, Chien-Hung Tung, Yi-Ting Chiu. The Carbon Impact of International Tourists to an Island Country. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kang-Ting Tsai; Tzu-Ping Lin; Yu-Hao Lin; Chien-Hung Tung; Yi-Ting Chiu. 2018. "The Carbon Impact of International Tourists to an Island Country." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1386.

Original paper
Published: 19 February 2018 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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Physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) is a thermal index that is widely used in the field of human biometeorology and urban bioclimate. However, it has several limitations, including its poor ability to predict thermo-physiological parameters and its weak response to both clothing insulation and humid conditions. A modified PET (mPET) was therefore developed to address these shortcomings. To determine whether the application of mPET in hot-humid regions is more appropriate than the PET, an analysis of a thermal comfort survey database, containing 2071 questionnaires collected from participants in hot-humid Taiwan, was conducted. The results indicate that the thermal comfort range is similar (26–30 °C) when the mPET and PET are applied as thermal indices to the database. The sensitivity test for vapor pressure and clothing insulation also show that the mPET responds well to the behavior and perceptions of local people in a subtropical climate.

ACS Style

Tzu-Ping Lin; Shing-Ru Yang; Yung-Chang Chen; Andreas Matzarakis. The potential of a modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) based on local thermal comfort perception in hot and humid regions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2018, 135, 873 -876.

AMA Style

Tzu-Ping Lin, Shing-Ru Yang, Yung-Chang Chen, Andreas Matzarakis. The potential of a modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) based on local thermal comfort perception in hot and humid regions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2018; 135 (3-4):873-876.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tzu-Ping Lin; Shing-Ru Yang; Yung-Chang Chen; Andreas Matzarakis. 2018. "The potential of a modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) based on local thermal comfort perception in hot and humid regions." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 135, no. 3-4: 873-876.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2018 in Sustainability
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The emissions of carbon dioxide generated by urban traffic is generally reflected by urban size. In order to discuss the traffic volume generated in developed buildings and road crossings in a single urban block, with the metropolitan area in Taichung, Taiwan as an example, this study calculates the mutual relationship between the carbon dioxide generated by the traffic volume and building development scale, in order to research energy consumption and relevance. In this research, the entire-day traffic volume of an important road crossing is subject to statistical analysis to obtain the prediction formula of total passenger car units in the main road crossing within 24 h. Then, the total CO2 emissions generated by the traffic volume in the entire year is calculated according to the investigation data of peak traffic hours within 16 blocks and the influential factors of the development scale of 95 buildings are counted. Finally, this research found that there is a passenger car unit of 4.72 generated in each square meter of land in the urban block every day, 0.99 in each square meter of floor area in the building and the average annual total CO2 emissions of each passenger car unit is 41.4 kgCO2/yr. In addition, the basic information of an integrated road system and traffic volume is used to present a readable urban traffic hot map, which can calculate a distribution map of passenger car units within one day in Taichung. This research unit can be used to forecast the development scale of various buildings in future urban blocks, in order to provide an effective approach to estimate the carbon dioxide generated by the traffic volume.

ACS Style

Chou-Tsang Chang; Tzu-Ping Lin. Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Generated by Building and Traffic in Taichung City. Sustainability 2018, 10, 112 .

AMA Style

Chou-Tsang Chang, Tzu-Ping Lin. Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Generated by Building and Traffic in Taichung City. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chou-Tsang Chang; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2018. "Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Generated by Building and Traffic in Taichung City." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 112.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2017 in Atmosphere
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Roughness length is a critical parameter for estimation of wind conditions, and it is therefore also relevant for the estimation of human thermal conditions in urban areas. The high density of buildings in urban areas causes large changes in land coverage, thereby increasing surface roughness. This influence atmospheric flow and also leads to a reduction in urban air ventilation, thus increasing the risk of human thermal stress. In this study, a digital building model of Tainan city was used to calculate roughness length using an approach based on Voronoi cells by applying the microclimate model, SkyHelios. The model was also used to estimate the wind conditions, including the wind speed and wind direction. For estimation of the thermal conditions, this study obtained meteorological data for air temperature, relative humidity, globe temperature, wind speed, and wind direction on two specific days (31 July 2015 and 21 January 2016). To quantify the thermal stress, the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) was used to represent the thermal conditions. The wind conditions results obtained from the model indicate that even microscale conditions with vortices and corner flow can be represented with high precision and resolution. The thermal conditions results demonstrate that different created environments and microclimate conditions affect the thermal environment. The difference in PET can be up to 3 °C. This study confirmed that comparison of microclimate thermal conditions based on measurements and obtained from modeling using SkyHelios are in sufficient agreement and can be used in urban planning in the future.

ACS Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Dominik Fröhlich; Andreas Matzarakis; Tzu-Ping Lin. Urban Roughness Estimation Based on Digital Building Models for Urban Wind and Thermal Condition Estimation—Application of the SkyHelios Model. Atmosphere 2017, 8, 247 .

AMA Style

Yu Cheng Chen, Dominik Fröhlich, Andreas Matzarakis, Tzu-Ping Lin. Urban Roughness Estimation Based on Digital Building Models for Urban Wind and Thermal Condition Estimation—Application of the SkyHelios Model. Atmosphere. 2017; 8 (12):247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cheng Chen; Dominik Fröhlich; Andreas Matzarakis; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2017. "Urban Roughness Estimation Based on Digital Building Models for Urban Wind and Thermal Condition Estimation—Application of the SkyHelios Model." Atmosphere 8, no. 12: 247.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Feng-Yi Lin; Tzu-Ping Lin; Ruey-Lung Hwang. Using geospatial information and building energy simulation to construct urban residential energy use map with high resolution for Taiwan cities. Energy and Buildings 2017, 157, 166 -175.

AMA Style

Feng-Yi Lin, Tzu-Ping Lin, Ruey-Lung Hwang. Using geospatial information and building energy simulation to construct urban residential energy use map with high resolution for Taiwan cities. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 157 ():166-175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng-Yi Lin; Tzu-Ping Lin; Ruey-Lung Hwang. 2017. "Using geospatial information and building energy simulation to construct urban residential energy use map with high resolution for Taiwan cities." Energy and Buildings 157, no. : 166-175.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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ACS Style

Tzu-Ping Lin; Yu Cheng Chen; Andreas Matzarakis. Urban thermal stress climatic mapping: Combination of long-term climate data and thermal stress risk evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society 2017, 34, 12 -21.

AMA Style

Tzu-Ping Lin, Yu Cheng Chen, Andreas Matzarakis. Urban thermal stress climatic mapping: Combination of long-term climate data and thermal stress risk evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2017; 34 ():12-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tzu-Ping Lin; Yu Cheng Chen; Andreas Matzarakis. 2017. "Urban thermal stress climatic mapping: Combination of long-term climate data and thermal stress risk evaluation." Sustainable Cities and Society 34, no. : 12-21.

Original paper
Published: 10 May 2017 in International Journal of Biometeorology
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Previous studies on thermal comfort in school environments have focused more on indoor thermal environments than outdoor ones, thus providing a limited understanding of occupants’ long-term thermal perceptions. Taiwan is located in a subtropical region, where it can be stiflingly hot outside in summer. This highlights the need to ensure proper thermal comfort on campus. In the present study, thermal environment parameters were measured and collected in several outdoor spaces of an elementary school in southern Taiwan. In addition, a questionnaire was used to explore occupants’ long-term thermal perceptions of these spaces. During summer months, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) of these outdoor spaces in over 60% of the daytime in summer between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. was higher than 38 °C PET, indicating high heat stress. The results of occupants’ long-term perceptions of the thermal comfort of these spaces suggested that dissatisfaction with thermal comfort was associated more with solar radiation than with wind speed. Finally, this study simulated a campus environment where more trees are planted and compared the thermal comfort indices before and after the simulation. The results indicated that this solution contributed to a decrease in the PET of these environments, thereby alleviating high heat stress. This study can inform the improvement of microclimates and thermal comfort during campus layout planning. Planting trees judiciously across a campus increases outdoor shades and creates outdoor spaces that are more comfortable and adaptable to hot weather conditions, thereby ensuring frequent use of these spaces.

ACS Style

Wen-Mei Shih; Tzu-Ping Lin; Ning-Xin Tan; Mu-Hsien Liu. Long-term perceptions of outdoor thermal environments in an elementary school in a hot-humid climate. International Journal of Biometeorology 2017, 61, 1657 -1666.

AMA Style

Wen-Mei Shih, Tzu-Ping Lin, Ning-Xin Tan, Mu-Hsien Liu. Long-term perceptions of outdoor thermal environments in an elementary school in a hot-humid climate. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2017; 61 (9):1657-1666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen-Mei Shih; Tzu-Ping Lin; Ning-Xin Tan; Mu-Hsien Liu. 2017. "Long-term perceptions of outdoor thermal environments in an elementary school in a hot-humid climate." International Journal of Biometeorology 61, no. 9: 1657-1666.

Conference paper
Published: 05 April 2017 in MATEC Web of Conferences
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Urban flooding and thermal stress have become key issues for many cities around the world. With the continuing effects of climate change, these two issues will become more acute and will add to the serious problems already experienced in dense urban areas. Therefore, the sectors of public health and disaster management are in the need of tools that can assess the vulnerability to floods and thermal stress. The present paper deals with the combination of innovative tools to address this challenge. Three cities in different climatic regions with various urban contexts have been selected as the pilot areas to demonstrate these tools. These cities are Tainan (Taiwan), Ayutthaya (Thailand) and Groningen (Netherlands). For these cities, flood maps and heat stress maps were developed and used for the comparison analysis. The flood maps produced indicate vulnerable low-lying areas, whereas thermal stress maps indicate open, unshaded areas where high Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) values (thermal comfort) can be expected. The work to date indicates the potential of combining two different kinds of maps to identify and analyse the problem areas. These maps could be further improved and used by urban planners and other stakeholders to assess the resilience and well-being of cities. The work presented shows that the combined analysis of such maps also has a strong potential to be used for the analysis of other challenges in urban dense areas such as air and water pollution, immobility and noise disturbance.

ACS Style

Floris Boogaard; Zoran Vojinovic; Yu-Cheng Chen; Jeroen Kluck; Tzu-Ping Lin. High Resolution Decision Maps for Urban Planning: A Combined Analysis of Urban Flooding and Thermal Stress Potential In Asia and Europe. MATEC Web of Conferences 2017, 103, 4012 .

AMA Style

Floris Boogaard, Zoran Vojinovic, Yu-Cheng Chen, Jeroen Kluck, Tzu-Ping Lin. High Resolution Decision Maps for Urban Planning: A Combined Analysis of Urban Flooding and Thermal Stress Potential In Asia and Europe. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017; 103 ():4012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Floris Boogaard; Zoran Vojinovic; Yu-Cheng Chen; Jeroen Kluck; Tzu-Ping Lin. 2017. "High Resolution Decision Maps for Urban Planning: A Combined Analysis of Urban Flooding and Thermal Stress Potential In Asia and Europe." MATEC Web of Conferences 103, no. : 4012.