Breast cancer (BC) has become the fifth most prevalent cause of cancer-related morbidity, attracting significant attention from researchers due to its heightened malignancy and drug resistance. Conventional chemotherapy approaches have proven inadequate in addressing all BC subtypes, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches or drugs. Curcumin (CUR), a phytochemical derived from Curcuma longa (turmeric), has shown substantial potential in inhibiting BC cell migration, metastasis, and proliferation. However, the use of CUR in this context comes with challenges due to its dynamic and easily degradable nature, poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and swift systemic elimination, collectively limiting its clinical applications. As such, we provide an overview of the properties, synthesis, and characterization of the hybridization of CUR and its analogue with chemo-drug building blocks. We reviewed research from the last five years on CUR’s biogenesis with respect to the regulation of BC, revealing that CUR participates in arresting BC cells in the cell cycle and significantly induces apoptosis in BC cells. Information on the chemotherapeutic and antitumor mechanisms of CUR in BC, including regulation of the cell cycle, increased cell apoptosis, and inhibition of multidrug resistance (MDR), was compiled. Additionally, we provide an overview of CUR loaded into nanomaterials that are cotreated with other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as paclitaxel, thymoquinone, and tamoxifen. In this review, we discuss different types of nanoparticles that can be used for CUR delivery, such as polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and liposomes. By comparing the size, entrapment efficiency, drug-loading capacity, release time, biocompatibility, pharmaceutical scale, and reproducibility of various nanomaterials, we aimed to determine which formulations are better suited for loading CUR or its analogue. Ultimately, this review is expected to offer inspiring ideas, promising strategies, and potential pathways for developing advanced anti-BC strategy nanosystems in clinical practice.

Gastric cancer (GC) is common in East Asia and South and Central America. Most GC patients miss the opportunities for surgery. Despite their therapeutic potential, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) only work in part of patients with GC. Thus, this study was aimed at constructing a signature for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to ICIs. A multivariate analysis showed that the 8-immune-related-gene (IRG) signature was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival among GC patients. In the high-risk group of 8IRG signature risk score, the fractions of CD4 T cells, macrophage M2 and monocyte, which is associated with the progression of cancers, were higher. The low-risk group had a higher immunophenoscore, which meant a better response to ICIs.

Liver fibrosis is defined as the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the liver due to chronic liver injury. Targeted ferroptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is considered a promising therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis. Rubimaillin (Rub), a naphthoquinone compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Rubia cordifolia L., exhibits various activities in multiple diseases. This study aimed to investigate the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect, the direct protein target, and molecular mechanism of Rub. Here, our results demonstrated that Rub effectively ameliorated liver fibrosis via triggering the ferroptosis of activated HSCs in mice models. Subsequently, we confirmed that Rub directly binds to carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) at SER592, THR594, and THR689, and inhibits its activity using PROTAC technology, computer molecular dynamics simulations, CETSA, DARTS, BLI, and site mutation assays. Further, the inhibition or deficiency of CPT1A in activated HSCs could trigger metabolic reprogramming-mediated ferroptosis. Moreover, CPT1A deficiency or overexpression could eliminate the effects of Rub-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically, Rub-induced ferroptosis in activated HSCs was associated with metabolic reprogramming mediated by targeting CPT1A. Taken together, our results indicate the beneficial effects, the direct protein target and the molecular mechanism via which Rub induces ferroptosis in activated HSCs to ameliorate liver fibrosis.

CGAS-STING信号通路是固有免疫系统的重要组成部分, 可以触发以Ⅰ型干扰素(interferon type 1, IFN-1)为代表的一系列炎症因子的表达, 其在感染性疾病、自身免疫性疾病及肿瘤等多种疾病中发挥着重要作用. 近年来, 研究发现cGAS-STING信号通路与肝脏疾病的进展密切相关. 本文就cGAS-STING信号通路在慢性乙型肝炎、酒精性肝病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、肝癌等常见肝脏疾病中的作用及其在肝脏疾病治疗中的应用现状作一综述.