Phosphorus (P) and Ammonium Nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients for plants and environmental stability. However, their excess in water causes eutrophication, damaging aquatic ecosystems. While adsorption is a promising solution, finding affordable and efficient adsorbents remains a challenge. In this study, magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and Mg/Fe doped biochars (BC) adsorbents were synthesized, and evaluated for adsorption of individual P and N and a P + N mixture from a solution and wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant. Compared to other adsorbents, Mg/BC showed excellent performance in adsorbing phosphorus (P) and ammonium nitrogen (N) from aqueous solutions. It demonstrated a large adsorption capacity of 64.65 mg/g and 62.50 mg/g from individual P and N solutions, and 30.3 mg/g and 27.67 mg/g from the P and N mixture solution, respectively. In addition, Mg/BC efficiently removed P and N from real-life wastewater. In the real wastewater, P and N removal efficiencies reached 88.30% and 59.36%, respectively. Kinetics analysis revealed that the pseudo-second-order model accurately described the adsorption of phosphorus (P) and ammonium nitrogen (N) in all solutions. The adsorbent followed the monolayer-Langmuir isotherm for N ions and the multilayer-Freundlich isotherm for P, indicating efficient adsorption processes. Thermodynamic experiments indicated that the adsorption of P and N was not only feasible but also occurred spontaneously in a natural manner. This study revealed that the strategic modification of biochar plays a crucial role in advancing effective wastewater treatment technologies designed for nutrient removal.

 During brooding, more than 97% of the floor area of new broiler houses was above target light intensity, however, in aged houses less than 0.2% of the floor area was above the target.  During tunnel conditions, less than 6% of the floor area met the target light intensity range (0.18-0.22 lx) for both aged and new houses.  All floor areas in the fan section exceeded the target light intensity in both aged and new houses in all the farms due to light intrusion from the tunnel fans.  Bulbs need to be periodically replaced to meet minimum target levels during brooding and light dimmer adjustments need to be made to meet light intensity targets during tunnel ventilation. Commercial broiler companies set specific light intensities and photoperiods during different stages of live production to manage bird behavior and growth and to support health and welfare. However, it is currently unknown how much of the floor area in commercial houses is within the target levels set by companies. Therefore, a field survey of twenty 18.3 × 152.4 m broiler houses on five farms was performed to evaluate in-situ light intensity and uniformity in two house sections during brooding [evaporative pad section (pad) and the middle of the house section (mid)] and three sections during tunnel ventilation [pad, mid, and tunnel exhaust fan section (fan)]. Houses ranged in age from new (never used) to aged (5-8 years old). Light intensity measurements were recorded at 70 locations in each of the house sections (140 per house during brooding; 210 per house during tunnel). For tunnel mode, target light intensity values were categorized into above target (>0.22), within target (0.18-0.22 lx), and below target (<0.18 lx). For brooding mode, target light intensity values were below target (<43 lx) and within target (≥43 lx). Geostatistics was used to map and calculate the percentage of floor area above, below, or within target thresholds. During brooding and tunnel conditions, the percent of floor area below target (<43 lx and <0.18 lx, respectively) was higher for aged houses than for new houses in the pad and midsections. All the floor area in the fan section was above target due to light intrusion from operating fans. During tunnel ventilation in the new houses, 4.5%, 6.0%, and 0.0% of the floor area at the pad, center, and fan sections, respectively, were within the 0.18 to 0.22 lx target threshold. However, in the aged houses, only 0.6%, 0.7%, and 0.0% of the floor area at the pad, center, and fan sections, respectively, were within the target range. This research illustrates that the newer houses did a better job at meeting or exceeding target light intensities and that very little of the floor area in new and aged houses during tunnel ventilation was within a 10% threshold of target intensities. Lack of light dimmer adjustment to account for lumen depreciation and accumulation of dust on the bulbs in the aged house most likely led to the lower overall light intensities. Because brood bulbs have a 100% lumen capacity and are not dimmed, a deep cleaning of the bulbs and periodic replacement are recommended if they are not reaching lighting targets. Periodic checking of light intensity is recommended, especially in older houses.