Aiming to solve the problems of the large harvesting loss and low harvesting efficiency of wide- and narrow-row corn harvesting header in China, a method for the side installation of a header is proposed. A wide–narrow-row corn harvesting header with high working efficiency and low harvesting loss was designed. The collision energy balance equation of corn ears was established. The analysis shows that the kinetic energy change before and after the collision between the ear and the picking plate is the main cause of the shedding of and damage to corn kernels. Based on this, the main structural parameters of the corn harvesting header were designed. Based on the principle of Box–Behnken test, the response surface test was designed. The effects of the plant feeding speed, feeding angle, and rotation speed of a stem pulling roller on harvesting performance were analyzed. The best combination of working parameters was determined: The plant feeding speed was 1.08 m/s, the feeding angle was 52.46°, and the rotation speed of the stem pulling roller was 835.25 r/min. At this time, the grain damage rate was 1.09% and the grain loss rate was 0.14%. The corresponding parameters are verified by experiments. The results show that the grain damage rate was 1.12% and the grain loss rate was 0.14%. The optimization results are essentially consistent with the verification results, which meet the requirements of corn harvesting performance.

In order to explore the effect of vibration on the adsorption characteristics of small particle size seeds, based on the discrete element method, the changes in the variance of the average tangential force of seeds under different amplitudes were analyzed. The variance of the average tangential force of the seeds increases exponentially with the amplitude. It is inferred that the vibration will change the intensity of the population disturbance. This reduces the seed transient tangential force i.e. transient seed internal friction. To improve the adsorption characteristics of small-sized seeds, the adsorption characteristics at different amplitudes were verified with bench tests. Increasing the amplitude can improve the adsorption characteristics of small-sized seeds. To determine the optimal operating parameters, based on the Box–Behnken test principle, response surface tests were carried out using rotational speed, negative pressure, and amplitude as test factors and seed suction compliance and leakage rate as evaluation indexes. The optimum operating parameters were determined as: rotational speed of 12.05 r/min, negative pressure of 0.89 kPa, and amplitude of 5.75 mm. At this time, the seed suction pass rate was 95.1% and the leakage rate was 2.1%. which is in line with the standard requirements.

Tomato is a key economic crop whose yield and quality depend heavily on the early and accurate detection of leaf diseases. Conventional diagnosis based on manual observation is labor-intensive and prone to subjective bias. To overcome the limitations of disease detection under complex environmental conditions, this study presents an enhanced YOLO11n-based detection framework for tomato leaf diseases. The proposed model integrates an EfficientMSF module in the backbone to strengthen multi-scale feature extraction, introduces a C2CU module to enhance global contextual representation, and employs a CAFMFusion module to achieve efficient fusion of local and global features. Experiments were conducted on a self-constructed dataset containing nine tomato leaf categories, including eight disease types and healthy samples. The proposed approach achieves an average Recall of 71.0%, mAP@0.5 of 76.5%, and mAP@0.5–0.95 of 60.5%, outperforming the baseline YOLO11n by 3.4%, 1.3%, and 2.0%, respectively. In particular, for the challenging Leaf Mold class, mAP@0.5 improved by 3.4%. These results demonstrate that the proposed method possesses strong robustness and practical applicability in complex field conditions, offering an effective solution for intelligent tomato disease monitoring and precision agricultural management.

Conventional oat seeders suffer from poor seeding uniformity, a large coefficient of variation in seed volume, and significant seed wastage. To address these issues, a variable-capacity spoon-type oat precision hill seeder was designed based on the agronomic requirements of oat hole seeding and the structural characteristics of hill seeders. Through force analysis and theoretical calculations, the angular velocity range of the variable-capacity spoon-type oat precision hill seeder was determined to be within 0–6.9 rad/s. An experiment was conducted using the angular velocity of the hill seeder, the inclination angle of the seed guide spoon, and the length of the bridging groove as test factors. The ranges of these factors for optimal seed displacement performance were established. Based on the Box–Behnken test principle, a response surface test was designed using Design-Expert software (Design-Expert 13). Experimental results identified the optimal operating parameters as follows: an angular velocity of 4.9 rad/s for the hill seeder, a guide spoon inclination angle of 71.0°, and a bridging groove length of 10.9 mm. Under these conditions, the qualified rate, leakage rate, and multiple rates were 92.2%, 5.3%, and 2.6%, respectively. The results of the field trial showed that the seeding qualified rate was 91.2%, the leakage rate was 4.6%, and the multiple rate was 4.2%. The errors between the field test results and the simulation test results were −1.0%, −0.7%, and 1.6%, respectively, meeting the requirements for oat seeding.