The objective of this paper is to investigates the energy transmission rate's features of the natural convective radiative Fe₃O₄-H₂O nanofluid and Fe₃O₄-Cu-H₂O hybrid nanofluid flow in a tilted square porous cavity under the influence of heat source/sink. The marker and cell method is adopted to solve the system of partial differential equations. The outcomes explore that in the existence of heat source, by augmenting the volume fraction of spherical, cylindrical, column, and lamina shaped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from 1% to 5% in water, the average heat transfer rate is boosted by 6.07%, 8.36%, 9.89%, and 14.95%, respectively. In the existence of heat sink, the increment is noticed as 2.67%, 3.68%, 4.37%, and 6.64%, respectively. Therefore, the shape of the nanoparticles considerably varies the heat transfer rate. In the existence of heat source, by magnifying the volume fraction of spherical, cylindrical, column, and lamina shaped Fe₃O₄-Cu nanoparticles from 1% to 5% in water, the mean heat transfer rate is magnified by 7.23%, 11.03%, 14.15%, and 31.36%, respectively. In the existence of heat sink, the magnification is detected as 3.18%, 4.87%, 6.27%, and 14.09%, respectively. This result confirms that proper combination of nanoparticles considerably enhances the heat transfer characteristics of the base fluids. The findings of this study may be helpful for a better understanding of hydrothermal features of thermal systems like heat exchangers, helical heat sinks, solar collectors, periodic pin-fins, mini shell and tube heat exchangers, plate evaporators, photothermal cancer treatment, and microvascular vessels using various unitary and hybrid nanofluids.

The analysis on heat transmission and fluid flow characteristics within the cavity is useful to improve the features of several applications including energy storage devices and hybrid fuel cells. With this motivation, the present model investigates the characteristics of magneto-convective heat transmission and fluid flow within a square porous enclosure with hot and cold slits. The heat transfer features of electrically conducting hybrid nanofluids Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-water and Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-kerosene is analyzed inside the enclosure. The non-Fourier thermal flux model is deployed and the internal heat absorption/generation effect is considered. The Marker-And-Cell (MAC) numerical scheme is adopted to solve the transformed dimensionless mathematical model with associated initial-boundary conditions. An exhaustive parametric investigation is implemented to estimate the influence of key parameters on the transport phenomena. The computations show that augmenting the Hartmann number values modify the fluid flow and temperature features substantially for both the hybrid nanofluids. Enhancing the values of nanoparticles volume fraction promotes the heat transfer. When 5% Fe₃O₄-MWCNT nanoparticles are suspended into water and kerosene base fluids, Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-kerosene hybrid nanofluid achieves 6.85% higher mean heat transfer rate compared to Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-water hybrid nanoliquid. In the existence of heat absorption, the mean rate of heat transfer of Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-water hybrid nanofluid is 78.92% lower than Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-kerosene hybrid nanoliquid. Greater energy transmission is noticed in the case of Fe₃O₄-MWCNT-kerosene hybrid nanofluid and the enhanced fluid flow is noticed in the case of Fe₃ O₄-MWCNT-water hybrid nanofluid. Fourier's model (δ_e=0) estimates higher heat transfer rate than that of the Cattaneo-Christov (non-Fourier) heat flux model (δ_e≠0).

The current study aims to analyze the magnetohydrodynamic natural convective fluid flow and heat transmission features of the ternary-hybrid nanofluid filled the partially heated porous square cavity under the impacts of heat absorption/generation and thermal radiation. The governing equations are solved using the Marker and Cell method. In the present study, three different types of nanoparticles, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), and silver (Ag), are suspended in an inorganic (water) or non-polar organic (kerosene) solvent. Nine different shapes of nanoparticles are utilized in this study. The outcomes show that for the fixed pertinent parameter values of the existence and nonexistence of heat generation/absorption, the MoS2+SWCNT+Ag/water ternary-hybrid nanofluids synthesized by lamina-shaped nanoparticles, the average thermal transmission rate is increased by 40.8523%, 36.329%, and 38.7025%, respectively, than sphere-shaped nanoparticles. In addition, utilizing the MoS2+SWCNT+Ag/kerosene ternary-hybrid nanofluids synthesized by lamina-shaped nanoparticles, the average heat transmission rate is augmented by 38.0322%, 33.0464%, and 35.5868%, respectively, than sphere-shaped nanoparticles. The current study reveals that the fluid flow and heat transfer efficiency are significantly increased by improving the nanoparticle volume fraction and shape factors depending upon the existence of heat absorption/generation. The high average heat transfer efficiency is observed when lamina-shaped nanoparticles are dispersed into the water compared to kerosene in the presence of a heat source. This study can enhance heat transmission efficiency in various industrial and engineering fields, such as heat exchangers, solar collectors, and fuel cells.

The analysis of flow and thermal distribution characteristics within cavities filled with aqueous-based nanoparticle suspensions subjected to partially heated walls has obtained substantial attention in engineering and industrial fields, including aerospace thermal management, fuel cells, and electronic cooling systems. Motivated by these applications, the current investigation computationally analyzes the behavior of magneto-hydrodynamics natural convection inside a porous square cavity, considering the effects of varying magnetic field angles and thermal radiation. The system of equations is changed into non-dimensional form by utilizing appropriate dimensionless variables and is solved by employing the well-established finite difference approach based on the Marker and Cell procedure. This method is utilized to examine the influences of various critical parameters on flow and heat distribution patterns, as well as Nusselt profiles. It provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of physical phenomena that govern the system's flow and thermal behavior. The research specifically focuses on evaluating the heat transmission rate under the influence of thermal radiation. It has been observed that increasing the porous parameter from 10−3 to 10−1 leads to an improvement in the heat transfer rate of 45.71%, 40.81%, and 29.04% by varying the radiation influence of 0, 0.5, and 1, respectively, while also augmenting the nanoparticle concentration from 0% to 5% results in an improvement in the heat transfer rate of 9.29%, 6.19%, and 4.56%, respectively. The results of this investigation could facilitate the improvement of heat transfer behavior by utilizing ternary hybrid nanofluids across diverse engineering and industrial applications to develop efficient thermal management systems.