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Dr. Neema Sumari
Department of Mathematics Informatics and Computational Science, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania

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0 Computer Science
0 Earth Observation
0 GIS
0 Land Use
0 Remote Sensing

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Remote Sensing
Land Use
Earth Observation
land cover
Computer Science
GIS

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Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Land
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Spatio-temporal characterization of urban expansion is the first step towards understanding how cities grow in space. We summarize two approaches used in urban expansion measurement, namely, concentric-ring analysis and grid-based analysis. Concentric-ring analysis divides urban areas into a series of rings, which is used to quantify the distance decay of urban elements from city centers. Grid-based analysis partitions a city into regular grids that are used to interpret local dynamics of urban growth. We combined these two approaches to characterize the urban expansion between 2000–2014 for five large Latin American cities (São Paulo, Brazil; Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bogotá, Columbia; Santiago, Chile). Results show that the urban land (built-up area) density in concentric rings decreases from city centers to urban fringe, which can be well fitted by an inverse S curve. Parameters of fitting curves reflect disparities of urban extents and urban form among these five cities over time. Grid-based analysis presents the transformation of population from central to suburban areas, where new urban land mostly expands. In the global context, urban expansion in Latin America is far less rapid than countries or regions that are experiencing fast urbanization, such as Asia and Africa. Urban form of Latin American cities is particularly compact because of their rugged topographies with natural limitations.

ACS Style

Su Wu; Neema Sumari; Ting Dong; Gang Xu; Yanfang Liu. Characterizing Urban Expansion Combining Concentric-Ring and Grid-Based Analysis for Latin American Cities. Land 2021, 10, 444 .

AMA Style

Su Wu, Neema Sumari, Ting Dong, Gang Xu, Yanfang Liu. Characterizing Urban Expansion Combining Concentric-Ring and Grid-Based Analysis for Latin American Cities. Land. 2021; 10 (5):444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Su Wu; Neema Sumari; Ting Dong; Gang Xu; Yanfang Liu. 2021. "Characterizing Urban Expansion Combining Concentric-Ring and Grid-Based Analysis for Latin American Cities." Land 10, no. 5: 444.

Conference paper
Published: 11 September 2020 in 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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The Design and Development of a Secure Internet–Based Protocol for the Control of a Remote Solar TrackerNeema S. Sumari and Alak Bandyopadhyay, Computer Science, Alabama A & MUniversity, Normal, Alabama 35762The problem facing most family households in the developing world is the lack of aplentiful, inexpensive, renewable, and non-pollutant source of energy. Solar energy is awidely accepted alternative for energy production. Solar energy is captured byphotovoltaic or solar cells, which is then converted into electricity. In order to receive themaximum potential of Sun energy, the solar cells must be constantly aligned to pointdirectly at the Sun. The goal of this research was to design and develop the software for asecured Internet–based protocol for the control of a remote solar tracker. The purpose ofthe remote controlled solar tracker is to allow greater efficiency in collecting the Sun’senergy and converting the collected solar energy into electrical power using a movablepanel of solar cells as opposed to a non-movable panel of solar cells. This researchshowed that a 44.62% increase in solar energy may be produced by using a movable solarcells panel as compared to using a fixed solar cells panel. The network security is anotherissue to remotely controlled solar tracker and as this is done on the web, an encryptionalgorithm is used to hide the information sent. The research also showed some of thebenefits of using a solar tracker such as a reduction in the rate of deforestation, areduction in the poverty rate, reduced health risk, reduced air pollution, and possible areduction in global warming.KEY WORDS: solar energy, solar cells, encryption, UDP, client/server computing 1

ACS Style

Alak Bandyopadhyay; Neema Simon Sumari. The Design and Development of a Secure Internet-based Protocol for the Control of a Remote Solar Tracker. 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings 2020, 25.1282.1 -25.1282.12.

AMA Style

Alak Bandyopadhyay, Neema Simon Sumari. The Design and Development of a Secure Internet-based Protocol for the Control of a Remote Solar Tracker. 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings. 2020; ():25.1282.1-25.1282.12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alak Bandyopadhyay; Neema Simon Sumari. 2020. "The Design and Development of a Secure Internet-based Protocol for the Control of a Remote Solar Tracker." 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings , no. : 25.1282.1-25.1282.12.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2020 in Cities
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This study questions the frequent overemphasis on population growth aspects of African urbanization with little consideration of the spatial extent by analyzing the influence of population growth on the spatial expansion of the Morogoro urban municipality (MUM) in Tanzania between 2000 and 2016. Shannon's Entropy, a random forest supervised classifier, and spatial analysis were adopted to analyze Multi-temporal Landsat images obtained through the Google Earth Engine platform to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution and pattern of land-use change. Findings from this research show that Shannon's entropy values for MUM increased from 0.522 in 2000, to 0.761 in 2007, and to 0.901 in 2016 with the urban land cover recording a considerable and consistent increase. Similarly, the municipality's annual rate of change in population decreased from 4.17% in 1967 to 3.81% in 2016, and is estimated to rise to 4.54% by 2030 with a corresponding population of 25,262 in 1967 and 622,000 in 2016. From the results, the rate of population growth is not commensurate with the rate of spatial expansion, as the spatial extent is more than twice the population growth. An important contribution from this research relates to the limited attention to the faster rate of urban expansion compared to population growth in African cities; a situation that is inconsistent with sustainable and resilient urban futures. It is recommended that municipal authorities should consider initiatives (e.g., environmental planning models) to reverse the current trend of urban growth in order to improve the health, density, sustainability and resilience of the urban environment.

ACS Style

Neema Simon Sumari; Patrick Brandful Cobbinah; Fanan Ujoh; Gang Xu. On the absurdity of rapid urbanization: Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use changes in Morogoro, Tanzania. Cities 2020, 107, 102876 .

AMA Style

Neema Simon Sumari, Patrick Brandful Cobbinah, Fanan Ujoh, Gang Xu. On the absurdity of rapid urbanization: Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use changes in Morogoro, Tanzania. Cities. 2020; 107 ():102876.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neema Simon Sumari; Patrick Brandful Cobbinah; Fanan Ujoh; Gang Xu. 2020. "On the absurdity of rapid urbanization: Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use changes in Morogoro, Tanzania." Cities 107, no. : 102876.

Research article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Geo-spatial Information Science
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Urbanization is one of the most impactful human activities across the world today affecting the quality of urban life and its sustainable development. Urbanization in Africa is occurring at an unprecedented rate and it threatens the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Urban sprawl has resulted in unsustainable urban development patterns from social, environmental, and economic perspectives. This study is among the first examples of research in Africa to combine remote sensing data with social media data to determine urban sprawl from 2011 to 2017 in Morogoro urban municipality, Tanzania. Random Forest (RF) method was applied to accomplish imagery classification and location-based social media (Twitter usage) data were obtained through a Twitter Application Programming Interface (API). Morogoro urban municipality was classified into built-up, vegetation, agriculture, and water land cover classes while the classification results were validated by the generation of 480 random points. Using the Kernel function, the study measured the location of Twitter users within a 1 km buffer from the center of the city. The results indicate that, expansion of the city (built-up land use), which is primarily driven by population expansion, has negative impacts on ecosystem services because pristine grasslands and forests which provide essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and support for biodiversity have been replaced by built-up land cover. In addition, social media usage data suggest that there is the concentration of Twitter usage within the city center while Twitter usage declines away from the city center with significant spatial and numerical increase in Twitter usage in the study area. The outcome of the study suggests that the combination of remote sensing, social sensing, and population data were useful as a proxy/inference for interpreting urban sprawl and status of access to urban services and infrastructure in Morogoro, and Africa city where data for urban planning is often unavailable, inaccurate, or stale.

ACS Style

Zhenfeng Shao; Neema S. Sumari; Aleksei Portnov; Fanan Ujoh; Walter Musakwa; Paulo J. Mandela. Urban sprawl and its impact on sustainable urban development: a combination of remote sensing and social media data. Geo-spatial Information Science 2020, 24, 241 -255.

AMA Style

Zhenfeng Shao, Neema S. Sumari, Aleksei Portnov, Fanan Ujoh, Walter Musakwa, Paulo J. Mandela. Urban sprawl and its impact on sustainable urban development: a combination of remote sensing and social media data. Geo-spatial Information Science. 2020; 24 (2):241-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenfeng Shao; Neema S. Sumari; Aleksei Portnov; Fanan Ujoh; Walter Musakwa; Paulo J. Mandela. 2020. "Urban sprawl and its impact on sustainable urban development: a combination of remote sensing and social media data." Geo-spatial Information Science 24, no. 2: 241-255.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Sustainable urban planning is essential in mediating the natural and built environments globally, yet, there is little progress as regards its attainment in developing countries. Rapid and unplanned urbanization continue to threaten the sustainability of many cities in Africa. By selecting Morogoro Municipal Council (MMC) in Tanzania as an example, this study applied well-known remote sensing techniques to understand the dynamics of urban growth and the implications for sustainable urban planning. The study analyzes spatio-temporal characteristics for eighteen years (2000–2018) based on urban land density using gradient and grid-based analysis to further examine land use and urban land density nexus. The results indicate declining urban land densities with distance to the city center, indicating a less compact and fragmented development at the urban fringes; and northward development with limited development to the south of MCC. The knowledge and understanding of the patterns of spatio-temporal conditions, land use planning, and management interventions in MMC are necessary for addressing the inadequacies associated with rapid urbanization within the study area. On this basis, we propose a shift from the modernist to the communicative planning strategy that strongly integrates the urban social, economic, and environmental imperatives, while being adaptable to evolving realities. This plan should also aim to curtail urban sprawl and create a viable city system and economically prosperous city structure for MMC.

ACS Style

Neema Simon Sumari; Gang Xu; Fanan Ujoh; Prosper Issahaku Korah; Obas John Ebohon; Neema Nicodemus Lyimo. A Geospatial Approach to Sustainable Urban Planning: Lessons for Morogoro Municipal Council, Tanzania. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6508 .

AMA Style

Neema Simon Sumari, Gang Xu, Fanan Ujoh, Prosper Issahaku Korah, Obas John Ebohon, Neema Nicodemus Lyimo. A Geospatial Approach to Sustainable Urban Planning: Lessons for Morogoro Municipal Council, Tanzania. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6508.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neema Simon Sumari; Gang Xu; Fanan Ujoh; Prosper Issahaku Korah; Obas John Ebohon; Neema Nicodemus Lyimo. 2019. "A Geospatial Approach to Sustainable Urban Planning: Lessons for Morogoro Municipal Council, Tanzania." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6508.

Conference paper
Published: 10 July 2019 in Proceedings of the ICA
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Quality education in isolated areas is a major issue in developing countries like Pakistan, as access to formal education is linked to improved life prospects for rural students. Among the factors for education, accessibility is school availability within a minimum spatial distance. The spatial distribution of schools is generally uneven in most of the cities of Northern Pakistan, thus limiting access to formal education at the primary and secondary level. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of the primary and secondary schools found in the hilly terrain of Abbottabad city. Results show an uneven scattered pattern of schools and decreasing accessibility with longer travel times, at higher costs. Cost-weighted distance showed that this spatial distribution extends the travel distance by more than 5km for secondary school students living in the city. However, spatial restructuring and reorganization of schools in the study area would enhance student access to school facilities.

ACS Style

Neema Simon Sumari; Hashir Tanveer; Zhenfeng Shao; Ernest Simon Kira. Geospatial Distribution and Accessibility of Primary and Secondary Schools: A case of Abbottabad City, Pakistan. Proceedings of the ICA 2019, 2, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Neema Simon Sumari, Hashir Tanveer, Zhenfeng Shao, Ernest Simon Kira. Geospatial Distribution and Accessibility of Primary and Secondary Schools: A case of Abbottabad City, Pakistan. Proceedings of the ICA. 2019; 2 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neema Simon Sumari; Hashir Tanveer; Zhenfeng Shao; Ernest Simon Kira. 2019. "Geospatial Distribution and Accessibility of Primary and Secondary Schools: A case of Abbottabad City, Pakistan." Proceedings of the ICA 2, no. : 1-11.

Article
Published: 04 June 2019 in GeoJournal
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Despite an extensive system of public schools, Abbottabad, Pakistan has a chronically low literacy rate. A factor contributing to these low literacy rates might be a spatial mismatch between public schools and dense settlements in fast-growing urban and semi-urban areas of this municipal region. To test this proposition, the locations of 153 public schools were collected using hand-held GPS devices to create a geo-database, and a road network was created from the open street map and Google imagery. Nearest neighbor, K-function, Spearman’s Rho, and directional analyses were applied to this data to overcome limitations of sparse geo-spatial data. A point pattern analysis shows that more than 50% of secondary schools were clustered south of the city while most of the built-up area was in the north. Localizing Geo-spatial data, spatial restructuring, and reorganization of schools in the study area would support rational planning and enhance student access to school facilities.

ACS Style

Hashir Tanveer; Timo Balz; Neema Simon Sumari; Rafi-Us Shan; Hafsa Tanweer. Pattern analysis of substandard and inadequate distribution of educational resources in urban–rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan. GeoJournal 2019, 85, 1397 -1409.

AMA Style

Hashir Tanveer, Timo Balz, Neema Simon Sumari, Rafi-Us Shan, Hafsa Tanweer. Pattern analysis of substandard and inadequate distribution of educational resources in urban–rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan. GeoJournal. 2019; 85 (5):1397-1409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hashir Tanveer; Timo Balz; Neema Simon Sumari; Rafi-Us Shan; Hafsa Tanweer. 2019. "Pattern analysis of substandard and inadequate distribution of educational resources in urban–rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan." GeoJournal 85, no. 5: 1397-1409.

Articles
Published: 03 April 2019 in Journal of Geography in Higher Education
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This paper presents an update on some of the activities that have taken place since a World Bank report; “Guidelines for Education and Training in Environmental Information Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Key Issues” was published and provides details on the current situation. It shows how organizations such as the African Association on Remote Sensing of Environment, International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, European Association of Remote Sensing Companies, Group on Earth Observation, and several others have helped to increase manpower resources in the region and strengthened institutional capacity in the field of geoinformatics, through capacity building, technology transfer, international cooperation and the provision of internal African resources. After reviewing what has happened in the field of geoinformatics education and training, we focused on current initiatives taken and challenges in five Sub-Saharan countries: Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. We reviewed GIS education and training in the private sector, government, information communications technology in higher education institutions, GIS application areas and challenges facing GIS education and training. Findings show that; change should involve education stakeholders in all levels of education and curriculum quality, regional and international cooperation through exchange programs, should be a priority for Sub-Saharan Africa countries.

ACS Style

Neema S. Sumari; Zhengfeng Shao; John L. Van Genderen; Walter Musakwa; Fanan Ujoh; Prosper Washaya; Trynos Gumbo. Status of geoinformatics education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa: initiatives taken and challenges. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 2019, 43, 224 -243.

AMA Style

Neema S. Sumari, Zhengfeng Shao, John L. Van Genderen, Walter Musakwa, Fanan Ujoh, Prosper Washaya, Trynos Gumbo. Status of geoinformatics education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa: initiatives taken and challenges. Journal of Geography in Higher Education. 2019; 43 (2):224-243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neema S. Sumari; Zhengfeng Shao; John L. Van Genderen; Walter Musakwa; Fanan Ujoh; Prosper Washaya; Trynos Gumbo. 2019. "Status of geoinformatics education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa: initiatives taken and challenges." Journal of Geography in Higher Education 43, no. 2: 224-243.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Africa has been experiencing rapid urbanization, yet limited studies have systematically investigated urban growth dynamics across African cities. Using 25 cities as cases, we quantified urban growth and form changes in Africa via spatiotemporal analysis of urban land densities in concentric rings over three time points (1990, 2000, and 2014). The results show that African cities have rapidly grown both in population and built-up areas, which increased by about 4% and more than 5% per annum, respectively. Urban land density (defined as the proportion of the built-up area to the buildable area) in each concentric ring decreases from the city center to the urban periphery with diverse patterns among cities. Comparatively, small cities have a lower urban land density and a more dispersed urban form than medium-sized and large cities in Africa. The international comparisons between cities with over one million population in Africa, Asia (e.g., China and India), Europe, and North America (i.e., the United States) reveal that African cities have a relatively less compact urban form. Implications of these findings for the future of African cities are further proffered.

ACS Style

Gang Xu; Ting Dong; Patrick Brandful Cobbinah; Limin Jiao; Neema S. Sumari; Baohui Chai; Yaolin Liu. Urban expansion and form changes across African cities with a global outlook: Spatiotemporal analysis of urban land densities. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 224, 802 -810.

AMA Style

Gang Xu, Ting Dong, Patrick Brandful Cobbinah, Limin Jiao, Neema S. Sumari, Baohui Chai, Yaolin Liu. Urban expansion and form changes across African cities with a global outlook: Spatiotemporal analysis of urban land densities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 224 ():802-810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gang Xu; Ting Dong; Patrick Brandful Cobbinah; Limin Jiao; Neema S. Sumari; Baohui Chai; Yaolin Liu. 2019. "Urban expansion and form changes across African cities with a global outlook: Spatiotemporal analysis of urban land densities." Journal of Cleaner Production 224, no. : 802-810.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2017 in The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
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This paper presents some preliminary results from research on monitoring the urban growth of Shenzhen in China. Agriculture is still the pillar of national economies in many countries including China. Thus, agriculture contributes to population growth. Population growth follows either exponential or logistic growth models. These models can be examined using a time-series of geospatial data, mainly historical earth observation imagery from satellites such as LANDSAT. Such multitemporal data may provide insights into settlement analysis as well as on population dynamics and hence, quantify the loss of agricultural land. In this study, LANDSAT data of ten dates, at approximately five yearly intervals from 1977 to 2017 were used. The remote sensing techniques used for analysis of data for 40 years were image selection, then followed by geometric and radiometric corrections and mosaicking. Also, classification, remote sensing image fusion, and change detection methods were used. This research extracted the information on the amount, direction, and speed of urbanization, and hence, the number of hectares of agricultural land lost due to urban expansion. Several specific elements were used in the descriptive model of landscape changes and population dynamics of the city of Shenzhen in China. These elements are: i) quantify the urban changes, from a small town (37.000 people in the early 1970’s) to the megalopolis of around 20 million habitants today. ii) Examining the rate of urban extension on the loss of agricultural landscape and population growth. iii) The loss of food production was analysed against the economic growth in the region. iv) The aspects of loss of agricultural land, area of built-up urban land, and increase in population are studied quantitatively, by the temporal analysis of earth observation geospatial data. The experimental results from this study show that the proposed method is effective in determining loss of agricultural land in any city due to urbanization. It can be used by town planner and other stakeholders such as land surveyors and agriculture experts to mitigate the mushrooming of unplanned settlements in many town / villages and loss of land for agriculture which might cause problems in food security.

ACS Style

N. S. Sumari; Z. Shao; M. Huang; C. A. Sanga; J. L. Van Genderen. URBAN EXPANSION: A GEO-SPATIAL APPROACH FOR TEMPORAL MONITORING OF LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2017, XLII-2/W7, 1349 -1355.

AMA Style

N. S. Sumari, Z. Shao, M. Huang, C. A. Sanga, J. L. Van Genderen. URBAN EXPANSION: A GEO-SPATIAL APPROACH FOR TEMPORAL MONITORING OF LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2017; XLII-2/W7 ():1349-1355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. S. Sumari; Z. Shao; M. Huang; C. A. Sanga; J. L. Van Genderen. 2017. "URBAN EXPANSION: A GEO-SPATIAL APPROACH FOR TEMPORAL MONITORING OF LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND." The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7, no. : 1349-1355.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2017 in Remote Sensing
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Cloud detection of remote sensing imagery is quite challenging due to the influence of complicated underlying surfaces and the variety of cloud types. Currently, most of the methods mainly rely on prior knowledge to extract features artificially for cloud detection. However, these features may not be able to accurately represent the cloud characteristics under complex environment. In this paper, we adopt an innovative model named Fuzzy Autoencode Model (FAEM) to integrate the feature learning ability of stacked autoencode networks and the detection ability of fuzzy function for highly accurate cloud detection on remote sensing imagery. Our proposed method begins by selecting and fusing spectral, texture, and structure information. Thereafter, the proposed technique established a FAEM to learn the deep discriminative features from a great deal of selected information. Finally, the learned features are mapped to the corresponding cloud density map with a fuzzy function. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, 172 Landsat ETM+ images and 25 GF-1 images with different spatial resolutions are used in this paper. For the convenience of accuracy assessment, ground truth data are manually outlined. Results show that the average RER (ratio of right rate and error rate) on Landsat images is greater than 29, while the average RER of Support Vector Machine (SVM) is 21.8 and Random Forest (RF) is 23. The results on GF-1 images exhibit similar performance as Landsat images with the average RER of 25.9, which is much higher than the results of SVM and RF. Compared to traditional methods, our technique has attained higher average cloud detection accuracy for either different spatial resolutions or various land surfaces.

ACS Style

Zhenfeng Shao; Juan Deng; Lei Wang; Yewen Fan; Neema S. Sumari; Qimin Cheng. Fuzzy AutoEncode Based Cloud Detection for Remote Sensing Imagery. Remote Sensing 2017, 9, 311 .

AMA Style

Zhenfeng Shao, Juan Deng, Lei Wang, Yewen Fan, Neema S. Sumari, Qimin Cheng. Fuzzy AutoEncode Based Cloud Detection for Remote Sensing Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9 (4):311.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenfeng Shao; Juan Deng; Lei Wang; Yewen Fan; Neema S. Sumari; Qimin Cheng. 2017. "Fuzzy AutoEncode Based Cloud Detection for Remote Sensing Imagery." Remote Sensing 9, no. 4: 311.