Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity and alarming proliferation. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of oral PG, with emphasis on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The epidemiology of the injury is meticulously analyzed, revealing a higher incidence in women and a wide range of ages of onset. It delves into the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the exact causal factors, although historical attributions suggest an infectious origin. It exhaustively analyzes the clinical and histopathological aspects of oral PG, offering information on its various presentations and the importance of an accurate diagnosis to guide effective treatment. It details treatment strategies, emphasizing the personalized approach based on individual patient characteristics. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on oral PG, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its pathogenesis and optimize treatment protocols.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder associated with brain and neurodevelopmental alterations. As in other disorders, patients with BD present minor Physical Anomalies (MPAs) in higher frequency than healthy subjects. MPAs are subtle signs of developmental deviation that appear in body regions that share the ectodermal origin of the brain and are likely triggered by the same insults altering early brain development in mental disorders. MPAs are thus considered potential biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we compared facial shape variation between patients with BD and healthy controls using 3D facial reconstructions from magnetic resonance images (MRI) to test the potential of MPAs as a biomarker of BD diagnosis. Moreover, we assessed sex‐specific facial shape variation to test whether the disorder affects differently male and female patients. We collected the 3D coordinates of 20 anatomical facial landmarks in a sample of 174 subjects (87 patients with BD and 87 healthy controls) and analyzed global and local patterns of facial shape using Geometric Morphometrics and multivariate statistical techniques. Although Procrustes‐ANOVA analysis revealed that diagnosis accounted for a low but significant effect (1.1% of total facial shape variance, P‐value=0.016), global facial shape did not significantly discriminate between patients with BD and healthy controls (P‐value=0.19). However, Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) based on local distances of the face revealed that 16.8% of facial traits were significantly different between patients with BD and healthy controls. Remarkably, the patterns of facial differences were sex‐specific, suggesting that BD has a different effect on male and female patients. These findings show that local facial differences could be used as biomarkers for an improved diagnosis of BD and raise awareness on the importance of studying sex differences on neurodevelopmental disorders to develop more specific and efficient treatments.

Oral pyogenic granuloma (PG) is generally a solitary benign connective tissue proliferation of unknown etiology. It is the most common type of oral inflammatory hyperplasia histologically characterized by proliferation of granulation tissue with inflammatory infiltrates and high angiogenic capacity. Vascular neoformations of different diameters are usually present. Due to their structural characteristics, tendency to bleed, and rapid and alarming growth rate, these neoformations may have serious consequences. Sometimes, it is complex to make an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, adequate management and treatment are based on the characteristics and systemic conditions of each patient. This review was carried out to provide an overview of the factors involved in, or attributed to the etiopathogenesis of oral PG. It describes the different forms of presentation and clinical evolution, as well as the most frequent signs and symptoms that characterize this disease, while incorporating recent radiographic and microscopic findings. In addition, it describes the different modalities for the management of oral pyogenic granuloma depending on the particular characteristics of each patient.

Background: Patients usually present pain due to the release of different inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 and RANK-L. Analgesics such as acetaminophen and ketorolac can inhibit RANK-L expression and this can affect orthodontic treatment by decreasing bone remodeling and slowing orthodontic dental movement. Several studies have reported a decrease in dental movement after administering some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Proposal: The objective was to evaluate the RANK-L levels and a possible modulation by administering acetaminophen and ketorolac in patients starting orthodontic treatment. Methodology: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was carried out with 24 subjects divided into three study groups: calcined magnesia as a placebo, acetaminophen, and ketorolac. Gingival crevicular fluid was obtained at four time points: before pharmacological intervention, at 24 h, at 48 h, and on the 5th day. RANK-L concentrations were evaluated through ELISA analysis. Also, interproximal space generated by the elastic separator at the end of the study was recorded in the different study groups using the visual analog scale. Results: An increase in RANK-L at 24 h was observed in the placebo group compared to the ketorolac and acetaminophen groups. However, no significant differences were observed in the interproximal space at day 5 in the three study groups. Conclusion: Patients who do not take analgesics at the start of orthodontic treatment have higher levels of RANK-L. Therefore, the use of ketorolac or acetaminophen could decrease bone remodeling and interfere with orthodontic dental movement.

Antecedentes: el índice de salud oral geriátrico (GOHAI), fue diseñado para detectar necesidades de atención bucodental en la población del adulto mayor caracterizado por alta sensibilidad y facilidad de aplicación lo que permite una atención oportuna. Objetivo: Determinar el índice de salud oral geriátrico comunitario en una muestra de adultos mayores en Guadalajara, Jalisco, México (2024). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, cuantitativo, transversal y analítico en Adultos mayores (hombres y mujeres) del asilo servicios asistenciales Regina y el asilo hogares trinitarios del sector Hidalgo, en Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, se aplicó el instrumento GOHAI. Resultados: este estudio estuvo conformado por 85 adultos mayores que se encontraban en ambos asilos de entre 60 años y más siendo el 80 % mujeres, la media (desviación estándar) de edad fue de 76.6 años. El índice de salud oral GOHAI presento un promedio de 39.5 puntos siendo una mala autopercepción bucal. Lo cual indica que los adultos mayores presentan muchos problemas bucodentales por lo cual tiene demasiadas necesidades por atender. Conclusión: GOHAI ha demostrado ser un instrumento viable y confiable permitiendo detectar necesidades bucodentales en la población del adulto mayor.