Organic fertilizers as partial substitutes for chemical fertilizers improve soil nitrogen (N) retention capacity. However, the relative importance of biotic and abiotic N immobilization at different levels of organic N substitution and the subsequent effects on N utilization in paddy soils are not well elucidated. To address these, a combination of ¹⁵N incubation experiments and pot experiments were conducted to investigate biotic and abiotic N immobilization features and their effects on N fertilizer fate under long-term different fertilization regimes in paddy soils in China. Test soils that had received chemical fertilization (NPK), chemical N was substituted with 30%, 50%, and 70% organic N (70 F + 30 M, 50 F + 50 M, and 30 F + 70 M, respectively), and no fertilization (control) for 36 years. The results revealed that both abiotic and biotic NH₄⁺-N immobilization were enhanced under organic N substitution soils. The highest NH₄⁺-N abiotic and biotic N immobilization was observed under 50 F + 50 M soil, significantly increasing by 195.5% and 51.4%, respectively, compared to the NPK soil. In contrast, only abiotic NO₃⁻-N immobilization increased with rising organic substitution N proportions. N fertilizer utilization efficiency was significantly enhanced in 50 F + 50 M soil (36.7%) compared to the NPK soil (30.3%), which was primarily attributed to the enhanced N pool activity and N immobilization capacity. However, the N fertilizer residue rate was significantly higher in the 30 F + 70 M soil (23.6%) compared to the NPK soil (21.6%), largely attributed to the soil properties improvement. Our results suggest that N immobilization capacity and N fertilizer utilization can be optimized with a 50% organic substitution ratio in our studied soil–crop system.

Background: Selenium (Se) is essential for human health and is predominantly obtained from dietary sources, particularly rice in Hunan Province, a significant rice-producing region in southern China. Investigating the relationship between Se levels in paddy soil and rice grains, along with the associated influencing factors, is critical for enhancing Se-enriched food security. Results: Analysis of 128,992 samples collected between 2019 and 2022 revealed that the soil Se concentration in Hunan exceeded the global average, with rice grains showing promising potential for Se enrichment. Various analytical methods, including statistical analyses, co-occurrence networks, and correlation heatmaps, were utilized to scrutinize the extensive dataset. Additionally, partial least squares path analysis elucidated the interactive effects of influencing factors on soil Se concentration, rice grain Se concentration, and Se bioconcentration factor (BCF). Soil parent materials significantly affected soil Se concentration, rice grain Se concentration, and Se BCF (p < 0.01). Factors such as soil cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, slope, and soil concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn demonstrated positive correlations with soil Se concentration. Similarly, these factors exhibited positive associations with rice grain Se concentration. Conversely, negative correlations were observed between certain factors and Se BCF. As a result, predictive models were developed for soil Se, rice grain Se concentration, and Se BCF. Conclusions: This study contributes valuable insights to inform policy-making for Se-enriched food production and to ensure regional nutritional equilibrium. Caution is recommended in areas with excessive Se levels to prevent potential poisoning risks.