Background and Aim: Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are widely used at home, restaurants, and during festivals in Bangladesh. So it is very important to investigate possible microbial contamination in RTE foods. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the total coliform count (TCC), isolate, identify, and characterize the Escherichia coli in RTE foods. The antimicrobial sensitivity of E. coli obtained from RTE foods was also performed using 12 commonly used antibiotics. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 RTE food samples were collected aseptically and comprised of ten samples each: Burger, pizza, sandwich, chicken roll, chicken meat loaf, chicken fry, salad vegetable, ice-cream, yogurt, and milkshake sold in Mymensingh city. Samples were inoculated onto Eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Isolation and identification of bacteria were performed based on cultural, staining, and biochemical properties, followed by a polymerase chain reaction. Results: The TCC in Chicken meat loaf, burger, pizza, sandwich, salad vegetable ice-cream, and yogurt samples were 3.57 ± 0.96, 3.69 ± 0.08, 3.50 ± 0.60, 2.60 ± 0.20, 4.09 ± 0.29, 4.44 ± 0.25, and 3.14 ± 0.30 mean log colony-forming units ± standard deviation/mL, respectively. The study found a higher prevalence of E. coli in RTE salad vegetable products than in RTE meat and milk products. Forty percent of the mixed vegetable salad samples showed positive results for E. coli. Whereas E. coli prevalence in RTE meat and milk products was 20% and 16.7%, respectively. All the 21 isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against 12 different antibiotics. It was observed that 46.1% were susceptible, 16.6% were intermediate, 46.1% were resistant, and 47.6% were multidrug-resistant (MDR) among seven different antibiotic classes. E. coli isolates were resistant to cephalexin, ceftazidime, oxytetracycline, and ampicillin and sensitive to gentamycin, followed by kanamycin, ceftriaxone, colistin, and enrofloxacin.. Conclusion: The study revealed that RTE foods are a serious issue from a public health point of view. To achieve a safer level of E. coli in RTE foods sold for human consumption, public food outlets must improve hygienic and good production procedures. Moreover, MDR E. coli in these foods pose serious public health threats.

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), formed through the degradation of larger plastic materials, are emerging pollutants of significant concern. While their impact on aquatic ecosystems is well documented, their effects on terrestrial, especially farm animals remain underexplored. This review assesses the potential threats of MPs and NPs to Bangladesh’s livestock sector by analyzing the results of experimental models and environmental studies. In Bangladesh, MPs and NPs have been detected in agricultural soils, air, water bodies, and aquatic organisms, indicating possible entry into animal systems through contaminated feed, water, and inhalation. Once internalized, these particles may trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage, impairing vital biological systems. Documented health consequences include reduced fertility, hematotoxicity, gut microbiota imbalance, gut–brain axis disruption, skeletal disorders, and metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, MPs and NPs can induce genomic changes, including altered gene expression and DNA hypomethylation, intensifying physiological damage and reducing productivity. Therefore, managing plastic contamination is vital in protecting animal health, ensuring food safety, and preserving human well-being around the globe, especially in vulnerable regions like Bangladesh. Given the critical role of livestock and poultry in ensuring food security and public health, the findings highlight an urgent need for comprehensive research and mitigation strategies.

The Upazila Veterinary Hospital (UVH) in Kaliganj Upazila, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh, plays a critical role in providing animal healthcare in a region renowned for dairy farming and rearing Black Bengal goats. Despite the sector’s importance, livestock farming in Bangladesh faces challenges such as high disease prevalence and inadequate veterinary services. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of common diseases among various species treated at UVH Kaliganj from February 2019 to April 2019. Data were collected from UVH’s daily record books, encompassing 511 animals categorized into cattle (40.70%), goats (51.85%), poultry (3.32%), and other animals (4.10%). Clinical evaluations identified 11 disease categories, and monthly variations in disease prevalence were analyzed across different age groups of animals. In cattle, the predominant diseases included worms (33.65%), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (8.65%), respiratory diseases (14.90%), and fever (11.05%). Goats exhibited high occurrences of worm infestations (27.92%), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) (9.43%), fever (25.66%), and diarrhea (12.83%). Poultry primarily suffered from respiratory diseases (29.41%), parasitic infections (17.64%), and digestive disorders (23.52%). Other animals, including sheep and monkeys, showed diverse disease profiles, including parasitic infections (19.04%), respiratory disorders (19.04%), and fever (14.28%). Monthly analysis revealed varying disease prevalence, with peaks in February and March 2019 for both cattle and goats. Diseases were prevalent across all age groups of animals, highlighting the widespread impact on livestock health in Kaliganj Upazila. This study underscores the critical role of UVH Kaliganj in managing animal health in an agricultural community heavily reliant on dairy and goat farming. The findings suggest the need for targeted veterinary interventions to mitigate disease burdens and improve animal welfare in the region.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important emerging vector-borne viral disease of cattle caused by the LSD virus. The recent outbreak of LSD has severely affected the economy of the cattle industry in many countries, including Bangladesh. LSD was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and has occurred in most African countries and sporadically in the Middle East region. LSD has now become a threat to Europe and Asia. The current outbreak in Bangladesh occurred in the second half of 2019. LSD was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and has occurred in most African countries and sporadically in the Middle East region. LSD has now become a threat to Europe and Asia. The current outbreak in Bangladesh occurred in the second half of 2019. The present study was carried out based on 210 LSD virus affected cattle of different breeds in the Jhenaidah district of Bangladesh from September, 2019 to December, 2019 to investigate the epidemiology of lumpy skin disease. Data was collected directly from the animal owners and through physical observation of the affected cattle based on clinical signs of LSD. About 61% of affected cases were found in high mosquito/fly prevalence areas. Young, female, and crossbred cattle were found to be more susceptible to LSD as compared to the adult, male, and indigenous breeds of cattle, respectively. LSD was found to be more prevalent among cattle ≤ 24 months of age. About 57.6% (95% CI: 50.6–64.4) of cattle were affected where bush was present around the farm/herd. Public awareness and biosecurity measures around the cattle farm are important to minimize the vector population and prevent the spread of LSD. Over 80% of affected cattle required more than a month of recovery. The present study also reviewed the latest research findings on the epidemiology of LSD. It will provide readers with a promising idea about LSD, which will be useful in developing a plan for the prevention and control of this disease.

Livestock farming is a cornerstone of global food production; however, traditional fodder cultivation faces increasing challenges due to land scarcity, climate change, and rising feed costs. As a sustainable alternative, hydroponic fodder production has gained significant attention, providing nutrient-rich feed grown in a controlled, soil-free environment. This review explores the nutritional advantages of hydroponic fodder, highlighting its higher protein content, improved digestibility, and enhanced vitamin and mineral profile compared to conventional feed. We examine its impact on livestock performance, noting increased milk yield in dairy cattle, better weight gain in beef cattle, and improved reproductive efficiency in small ruminants. Additionally, we discuss the economic and environmental benefits, such as reduced water usage, minimal land requirements, and lower feed costs, making it an attractive option for farmers worldwide. While hydroponic fodder presents a promising solution for sustainable livestock farming, challenges remain, including scalability, initial investment costs, and the need for further research to optimize production systems. By addressing these hurdles, hydroponic technology has the potential to revolutionize animal agriculture, ensuring food security and environmental sustainability for future generations.

Introduction: The emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a growing public health concern. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and multi-drug resistant (MDR) profiles of MRSA in goats in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 150 samples from goats comprised of rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and milk (n = 50) were collected. Isolation of S. aureus from samples was conducted onto mannitol salt agar (MSA). Identification of S. aureus was performed by cultural characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, indole, methyl red, and Voges-Proskaur), and nuc gene-specific PCR assay. The MRSA was identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion test and mecA gene-specific PCR assay. The MDR profiles of MRSA were performed against ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, azithromycin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid by disc diffusion method. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 35.3% and MRSA was 7.3%. The prevalence of MRSA was 12% in rectal swabs, 8% in nasal swabs, and 2% in milk. The highest resistance of MRSA was against ampicillin (91%) followed by azithromycin (55%), amoxycillin (36%), nalidixic acid (27%), ciprofloxacin (18%) and cefotaxime (9%). Most MRSA isolates (90.9%) exhibited resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics and were MDR. Conclusions: This study shows that goats may harbor MDR-MRSA, posing a risk to public health.