Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Since 2024, the non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) landscape has undergone a transformative shift, driven by 11 FDA approvals. Recent advances in molecular profiling, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies have revolutionized NSCLC management, ushering in an era of personalized treatment with improved patient outcomes. The increased adoption of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for screening has enhanced early detection, enabling intervention at more curable stages. Molecular diagnostics now play a pivotal role in guiding treatment strategies, with actionable genomic alterations (AGAs) informing the use of EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS, NRG1, and other targeted inhibitors in both early and advanced settings. For instance, targeted therapies are increasingly being integrated into early-stage management, with adjuvant osimertinib for EGFR -mutated NSCLC and alectinib for ALK -positive NSCLC demonstrating substantial survival benefits. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has become a cornerstone of treatment for AGA-negative NSCLC, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, and is increasingly being utilized in the perioperative setting. Furthermore, emerging therapies such as bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), and novel immunotherapeutic agents show promise in addressing resistance mechanisms and improving outcomes in advanced-stage disease. Although new challenges arise, the evolving NSCLC treatment paradigm continues to prioritize precision medicine, offering hope for prolonged survival and enhanced quality of life for patients.

Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that interacts with multiple signaling pathways related to cellular growth and proliferation. Overexpression or amplification of HER2 is linked to various malignancies, and there have been decades of research dedicated to targeting HER2. Despite the landmark ToGA trial, progress in HER2-positive gastrointestinal malignancies has been hampered by drug resistance. This review examines current HER2 expression patterns and therapies for gastroesophageal, colorectal, biliary tract, and small bowel cancers, while dissecting potential resistance mechanisms that limit treatment effectiveness.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the US and worldwide. Recent advances in molecular profiling and targeted therapies have revolutionized the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in oncogene-driven subtypes. These therapies selectively target key molecular alterations in EGFR, ALK, KRAS, ROS1, MET, RET, ERBB2 (HER2), BRAF V600E, and NTRK, resulting in substantial improvements in survival rates and quality of life for lung cancer patients. However, disparities in molecular diagnostics and precision treatments persist, disproportionately affecting minority patients. These inequities include underrepresentation in clinical trials, disparities in molecular testing, and barriers to treatment access. The limited participation of racial and ethnic minorities in landmark clinical trials raises concerns about the generalizability of findings and their applicability to diverse populations. In this review, we examine the current landscape of molecular diagnosis and precision medicine in minority patients with oncogene-driven lung cancer, highlighting challenges, opportunities, and future directions for achieving equity in precision oncology. Additionally, we discuss differences in the prevalence of oncologic driver mutations across populations and emphasize the urgent need for greater diversity in clinical research. Addressing these gaps is critical to improving survival outcomes and ensuring equitable access to personalized lung cancer care for all patients.