Metal and metal oxide NPs may have toxic effects on the immune system through a variety of different mechanisms.

Applications of nano-MOFs in bone tissue engineering, wound healing, and others, including periodontitis, tendon repair, nerve repair, and cardiovascular disease. Created with BioRender.com.

SUMMARY: The oral microbiota, characterized by its complexity and density, is increasingly recognized for its significant association with respiratory diseases and their pathogenesis. Changes in the oral microbiome, including shifts in the relative abundance of certain harmful microbes, their byproducts, and virulence elements, have been linked to respiratory disease development and progression. The use of oral microbiome indicators and treatments is essential for the detection, prognosis, and management of respiratory illnesses, providing significant practical benefits. Hence, a thorough understanding of the correlation between oral microbiota and respiratory illnesses is imperative for generating novel therapeutic approaches rooted in the oral microbiota to address these ailments. This review summarizes how oral microbiota are connected to respiratory diseases, explores the mechanisms of their influence, and discusses treatment approaches.