Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of stress-induced immunosuppression and developing reliable diagnostic methods are important tasks in clinical medicine. This will allow for the development of effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of conditions associated with immune system dysfunction induced by chronic stress. The purpose of this review is to conduct a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of existing data on the regulatory mechanisms of stress-induced immunosuppression. The review is aimed at identifying key neuroendocrine, cytokine, and cellular processes underlying the suppression of the immune response under stress. This study involved a search of scientific literature covering the neuroendocrine, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of stress-induced immunosuppression regulation, as well as modern methods for its diagnosis. Major international bibliographic databases covering publications in biomedicine, psychophysiology, and immunology were selected for the search. The results of the analysis identified key mechanisms regulating stress-induced immunosuppression. The reviewed publications provided detailed descriptions of the neuroendocrine and cytokine processes underlying immune response suppression under stress. A significant portion of the data confirms that the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent elevation of cortisol levels exert substantial immunosuppressive effects on immune cells, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to the suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses. The data also highlight the crucial role of cortisol and catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in initiating immunosuppressive mechanisms under chronic stress.

Waste from fish cutting (heads, swim bladders, fins, skin, and bones) is a high-value technological raw material for obtaining substances and products with a wide range of properties. The possibility of using waste from cutting fish of the Gadidae family: the Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), processed in the coastal zone, is scientifically substantiated. In this work, a technology has been developed for processing accumulated waste from fish cutting in order to obtain fish gelatin, which is characterized by high protein content (more than 80.0%) and a full set of essential and nonessential amino acids. We studied the quality of fish gelatin obtained from wastes from cutting the fish of the Gadidae family. The possibility of using fish gelatin as a component of fish products is shown; the dose of its introduction into the fish products is substantiated. The data obtained made it possible to recommend the use of fish processing waste products as a gelling component and a source of amino acids in multicomponent food systems.

Biobanks are involved in a broad range of studies, including both basic and clinical research, so their functions and roles are evolving. Digital biobanks have emerged due to digitalization in this field; however, it also entails an increasing number of ethical and legal issues, in particular those related to the protection of donor data and potential commercial applications. The development of biobanks and the size of stored datasets lay the groundwork for proceeding to digital biobanks that intensely employ artificial intelligence tools. Digital biobanks can simplify the search for and access to biological specimens, thus contributing to the conduction of research and creating new collaborations. They are becoming an increasingly important tool for personalized medicine and an individualized approach to disease treatment, contributing to the elaboration of more accurate diagnostic methods and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability among young and middle-aged individuals. Adequate and timely diagnosis of primary brain injuries, as well as the prompt prevention and treatment of secondary injury mechanisms, significantly determine the potential for reducing mortality and severe disabling consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to have objective markers that indicate the severity of the injury. A number of molecular factors—proteins and metabolites—detected in the blood immediately after trauma and associated with the development and severity of TBI can serve in this role. TBI is a heterogeneous condition with respect to its etiology, clinical form, and genesis, being accompanied by brain cell damage and disruption of blood–brain barrier permeability. Two oppositely directed flows of substances and signals are observed: one is the flow of metabolites, proteins, and nucleic acids from damaged brain cells into the bloodstream through the damaged blood–brain barrier; the other is the infiltration of immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and serological proteins. Both flows aggravate brain tissue damage after TBI. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the key signaling events that regulate these flows and repair the damaged tissues, as well as to enhance the effectiveness of treatments for patients after TBI.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the national public health agency of the United States, traumatic brain injury is among the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. The consequences of TBI include diffuse brain atrophy, local post-traumatic atrophy, arachnoiditis, pachymeningitis, meningocerebral cicatrices, cranial nerve lesions, and cranial defects. In 2019, the economic cost of injuries in the USA alone was USD 4.2 trillion, which included USD 327 billion for medical care, USD 69 billion for work loss, and USD 3.8 trillion for the value of statistical life and quality of life losses. More than half of this cost (USD 2.4 trillion) was among working-age adults (25–64 years old). Currently, the development of new diagnostic approaches and the improvement of treatment techniques require further experimental studies focused on modeling TBI of varying severity.

Fish species exhibit great diversity rating of aging (from negligible to rapid), which gives a unique possibility for the discovery of the molecular mechanisms that determine the differences in the rate of aging. A mass spectrometric metabolic profiling of skeletal muscle of fish with various aging rates was carried out by direct injection to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The first group includes long-lived fish species (pike (Esox Lucius) and sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus); the second group—species with gradual senescence such as that observed in many mammalian species of similar size (zander (Sandra lucioperca) and perch (Perca fluviatilis)) and the third group—species with very short life cycle (chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)). Multivariate analysis of metabolic profiles allowed the detecting of about 80 group-specific features associated with amino acids, lipids, biogenic amines, intermediates of glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and citric acid cycle. Possible roles in the aging process are hypothesized for the biochemical pathways of the metabolites that were altered in the different groups.