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Nanotechnology has aided in the advancement of drug delivery for the treatment of several neurological disorders including depression. Depression is a relatively common mental disorder which is characterized by a severe imbalance of neurotransmitters. Several current therapeutic regimens against depression display drawbacks which include low bioavailability, delayed therapeutic outcome, undesirable side effects and drug toxicity due to high doses. The blood–brain barrier limits the entry of the drugs into the brain matrix, resulting in low bioavailability and tissue damage due to drug accumulation. Due to their size and physico-chemical properties, nanotechnological drug delivery systems present a promising strategy to enhance the delivery of nanomedicines into the brain matrix, thereby improving bioavailability and limiting toxicity. Furthermore, ligand-complexed nanocarriers can improve drug specificity and antidepressant efficacy and reduce drug toxicity. Biopolymers and nanocarriers can also be employed to enhance controlled drug release and reduce the hepatic first-pass effect, hence reducing the dosing frequency. This manuscript reviews recent advances in different biopolymers, such as polysaccharides and other nanocarriers, for targeted antidepressant drug delivery to the brain. It probes nano-based strategies that can be employed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants through the oral, intranasal, and parenteral routes of administration.
Fadzai Mutingwende; Pierre Kondiah; Philemon Ubanako; Thashree Marimuthu; Yahya Choonara. Advances in Nano-Enabled Platforms for the Treatment of Depression. Polymers 2021, 13, 1431 .
AMA StyleFadzai Mutingwende, Pierre Kondiah, Philemon Ubanako, Thashree Marimuthu, Yahya Choonara. Advances in Nano-Enabled Platforms for the Treatment of Depression. Polymers. 2021; 13 (9):1431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFadzai Mutingwende; Pierre Kondiah; Philemon Ubanako; Thashree Marimuthu; Yahya Choonara. 2021. "Advances in Nano-Enabled Platforms for the Treatment of Depression." Polymers 13, no. 9: 1431.
: Water soluble polysaccharides are versatile structural materials that can be used for the design of biocompatible hydrogels and wet dressings in wound healing applications. Glycol chitosan (GC) is an example of a multifunctional water-soluble chitosan derivative that has inherent wound healing properties and reactive sites for chemical modification. : United States (US) patent US2019202998A1 describes the preparation of a novel wound healing technology based on a three-dimensional (3D) crosslinked GC hydrogel (GCH) wet dressing, prepared via the synthesis of PEG1K-biscarboxylic acid-g-Glycol Chitosan-g-methacrylate using visible light induced photocrosslinking. The selected polymeric network enables the encapsulation of additional growth factors or bioactives on reactive sites. Wet dressings in US2019202998A1 were evaluated against a commercially available control for in vitro release, cytotoxicity, and in vivo wound healing ability in a preliminary mouse model, with the overall wound healing performance consistent with related GC based hydrogels. : Comprehensive biocompatibility and antimicrobial testing of the hydrogel is not reported in US2019202998A1, and is recommended as further work to enable clinical applicability. The invention disclosed in US2019202998A1 can potentially be integrated with 3D bioprinting and sensor technology for the preparation of “smart” hydrogel wound dressings, and is a potential area for future research.
Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara. Visible light-curable water-soluble chitosan derivative, chitosan hydrogel, and preparation method: a patent evaluation of US2019202998A1. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 2021, 31, 351 -360.
AMA StyleThashree Marimuthu, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara. Visible light-curable water-soluble chitosan derivative, chitosan hydrogel, and preparation method: a patent evaluation of US2019202998A1. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 2021; 31 (5):351-360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara. 2021. "Visible light-curable water-soluble chitosan derivative, chitosan hydrogel, and preparation method: a patent evaluation of US2019202998A1." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 31, no. 5: 351-360.
Suture materials constitute one of the largest biomedical material groups with a huge global market of $ 1.3 billion annually and employment in over 12 million procedures per year. Suture materials have radically evolved over the years, from basic strips of linen to more advanced synthetic polymer sutures. Yet, the journey to the ideal suture material is far from over and we now stand on the brink of a new era of improved suture materials with greater safety and efficacy. This next step in the evolutionary timeline of suture materials, involves the use of natural, carbohydrate polymers that have, until recent years, never before been considered for suture material applications. This review exposes the latest and most important advancements in suture material development while digging deep into how natural, carbohydrate polymers can serve to advance this field.
Kara M. de la Harpe; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Thashree Marimuthu; Yahya E. Choonara. Advances in carbohydrate-based polymers for the design of suture materials: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2021, 261, 117860 .
AMA StyleKara M. de la Harpe, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Thashree Marimuthu, Yahya E. Choonara. Advances in carbohydrate-based polymers for the design of suture materials: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021; 261 ():117860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKara M. de la Harpe; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Thashree Marimuthu; Yahya E. Choonara. 2021. "Advances in carbohydrate-based polymers for the design of suture materials: A review." Carbohydrate Polymers 261, no. : 117860.
Synthesis of a novel theranostic molecule for targeted cancer intervention. A reaction between curcumin and lawsone was carried out to yield the novel curcumin naphthoquinone (CurNQ) molecule (2,2′-((((1E,3Z,6E)-3-hydroxy-5-oxohepta-1,3,6-triene-1,7-diyl) bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(naphthalene-1,4-dione). CurNQ’s structure was elucidated and was fully characterized. CurNQ was demonstrated to have pH specific solubility, its saturation solubility increased from 11.15 µM at pH 7.4 to 20.7 µM at pH 6.8. This pH responsivity allows for cancer targeting (Warburg effect). Moreover, CurNQ displayed intrinsic fluorescence, thus enabling imaging and detection applications. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the chemotherapeutic properties of CurNQ as CurNQ reduced cell viability to below 50% in OVCAR-5 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines. CurNQ is a novel theranostic molecule for potential targeted cancer detection and treatment.
Lara Freidus; Pradeep Kumar; Thashree Marimuthu; Priyamvada Pradeep; Viness Pillay; Yahya Choonara. Synthesis and Properties of CurNQ for the Theranostic Application in Ovarian Cancer Intervention. Molecules 2020, 25, 4471 .
AMA StyleLara Freidus, Pradeep Kumar, Thashree Marimuthu, Priyamvada Pradeep, Viness Pillay, Yahya Choonara. Synthesis and Properties of CurNQ for the Theranostic Application in Ovarian Cancer Intervention. Molecules. 2020; 25 (19):4471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLara Freidus; Pradeep Kumar; Thashree Marimuthu; Priyamvada Pradeep; Viness Pillay; Yahya Choonara. 2020. "Synthesis and Properties of CurNQ for the Theranostic Application in Ovarian Cancer Intervention." Molecules 25, no. 19: 4471.
A 3D bioprinted pseudo-bone drug delivery scaffold was fabricated to display matrix strength, matrix resilience, as well as porous morphology of healthy human bone. Computer-aided design (CAD) software was employed for developing the 3D bioprinted scaffold. Further optimization of the scaffold was undertaken using MATLAB® software and artificial neural networks (ANN). Polymers employed for formulating the 3D scaffold comprised of polypropylene fumarate (PPF), free radical polymerized polyethylene glycol- polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL-PEG), and pluronic (PF127). Simvastatin was incorporated into the 3D bioprinted scaffolds to further promote bone healing and repair properties. The 3D bioprinted scaffold was characterized for its chemical, morphological, mechanical, and in vitro release kinetics for evaluation of its behavior for application as an implantable scaffold at the site of bone fracture. The ANN-optimized 3D bioprinted scaffold displayed significant properties as a controlled release platform, demonstrating drug release over 20 days. The 3D bioprinted scaffold further displayed formation as a pseudo-bone matrix, using a human clavicle bone model, induced with a butterfly fracture. The strength of the pseudo-bone matrix, evaluated for its matrix hardness (MH) and matrix resilience (MR), was evaluated to be as strong as original bone, having a 99% MH and 98% MR property, to healthy human clavicle bones.
Pariksha Jolene Kondiah; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Viness Pillay. A 3D Bioprinted Pseudo-Bone Drug Delivery Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 166 .
AMA StylePariksha Jolene Kondiah, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Thashree Marimuthu, Viness Pillay. A 3D Bioprinted Pseudo-Bone Drug Delivery Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12 (2):166.
Chicago/Turabian StylePariksha Jolene Kondiah; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Viness Pillay. 2020. "A 3D Bioprinted Pseudo-Bone Drug Delivery Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2: 166.
Despite advances achieved in medicine, chemotherapeutics still has detrimental side effects with ovarian cancer (OC), accounting for numerous deaths among females. The provision of safe, early detection and active treatment of OC remains a challenge, in spite of improvements in new antineoplastic discovery. Nanosystems have shown remarkable progress with impact in diagnosis and chemotherapy of various cancers, due to their ideal size; improved drug encapsulation within its interior core; potential to minimize drug degradation; improve in vivo drug release kinetics; and prolong blood circulation times. However, nanodrug delivery systems have few limitations regarding its accuracy of tumour targeting and the ability to provide sustained drug release. Hence, a cogent and strategic approach has focused on nanosystem functionalization with antibody-based ligands to selectively enhance cellular uptake of antineoplastics. Antibody functionalized nanosystems are (advanced) synthetic candidates, with a broad range of efficiency in specific tumour targeting, whilst leaving normal cells unaffected. This article comprehensively reviews the present status of nanosystems, with particular emphasis on nanomicelles for molecular diagnosis and treatment of OC. In addition, biomarkers of nanosystems provide important prospects as chemotherapeutic strategies to upsurge the survival rate of patients with OC.
Jonathan M. Pantshwa; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Viness Pillay. Nanodrug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Cancers 2020, 12, 213 .
AMA StyleJonathan M. Pantshwa, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Thashree Marimuthu, Viness Pillay. Nanodrug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Cancers. 2020; 12 (1):213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan M. Pantshwa; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Viness Pillay. 2020. "Nanodrug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer." Cancers 12, no. 1: 213.
Chitosan can form interpolymer complexes (IPCs) with anionic polymers to form biomedical platforms (BMPs) for wound dressing/healing applications. This has resulted in its application in various BMPs such as gauze, nano/microparticles, hydrogels, scaffolds, and films. Notably, wound healing has been highlighted as a noteworthy application due to the remarkable physical, chemical, and mechanical properties enabled though the interaction of these polyelectrolytes. The interaction of chitosan and anionic polymers can improve the properties and performance of BMPs. To this end, the approaches employed in fabricating wound dressings was evaluated for their effect on the property–performance factors contributing to BMP suitability in wound dressing. The use of chitosan in wound dressing applications has had much attention due to its compatible biological properties. Recent advancement includes the control of the degree of crosslinking and incorporation of bioactives in an attempt to enhance the physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of wound dressing BMPs. A critical issue with polyelectrolyte-based BMPs is that their effective translation to wound dressing platforms has yet to be realised due to the unmet challenges faced when mimicking the complex and dynamic wound environment. Novel BMPs stemming from the IPCs of chitosan are discussed in this review to offer new insight into the tailoring of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties via fabrication approaches to develop effective wound dressing candidates. These BMPs may pave the way to new therapeutic developments for improved patient outcomes.
Hillary Mndlovu; Lisa C. du Toit; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Viness Pillay. Bioplatform Fabrication Approaches Affecting Chitosan-Based Interpolymer Complex Properties and Performance as Wound Dressings. Molecules 2020, 25, 222 .
AMA StyleHillary Mndlovu, Lisa C. du Toit, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara, Thashree Marimuthu, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Viness Pillay. Bioplatform Fabrication Approaches Affecting Chitosan-Based Interpolymer Complex Properties and Performance as Wound Dressings. Molecules. 2020; 25 (1):222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHillary Mndlovu; Lisa C. du Toit; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Viness Pillay. 2020. "Bioplatform Fabrication Approaches Affecting Chitosan-Based Interpolymer Complex Properties and Performance as Wound Dressings." Molecules 25, no. 1: 222.
Traditional cancer therapeutics are limited by factors such as multi-drug resistance and a plethora of adverse effect. These limitations need to be overcome for the progression of cancer treatment. In order to overcome these limitations, multifunctional nanosystems have recently been introduced into the market. The employment of multifunctional nanosystems provide for the enhancement of treatment efficacy and therapeutic effect as well as a decrease in drug toxicity. However, in addition to these effects, magnetic nanowires bring specific advantages over traditional nanoparticles in multifunctional systems in terms of the formulation and application into a therapeutic system. The most significant of which is its larger surface area, larger net magnetic moment compared to nanoparticles, and interaction under a magnetic field. This results in magnetic nanowires producing a greater drug delivery and therapeutic platform with specific regard to magnetic drug targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, and magnetic actuation. This, in turn, increases the potential of magnetic nanowires for decreasing adverse effects and improving patient therapeutic outcomes. This review focuses on the design, fabrication, and future potential of multifunctional magnetic nanowire systems with the emphasis on improving patient chemotherapeutic outcomes.
Abu Bakr A. Nana; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Lisa C. Du Toit; Viness Pillay. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanowires: Design, Fabrication, and Future Prospects as Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers 2019, 11, 1956 .
AMA StyleAbu Bakr A. Nana, Thashree Marimuthu, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Lisa C. Du Toit, Viness Pillay. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanowires: Design, Fabrication, and Future Prospects as Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers. 2019; 11 (12):1956.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbu Bakr A. Nana; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Lisa C. Du Toit; Viness Pillay. 2019. "Multifunctional Magnetic Nanowires: Design, Fabrication, and Future Prospects as Cancer Therapeutics." Cancers 11, no. 12: 1956.
Understanding cell–nanoparticle interactions is critical to developing effective nanosized drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles have already advanced the treatment of several challenging conditions including cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yet still hold the potential to improve drug delivery to elusive target sites. Even though most nanoparticles will encounter blood at a certain stage of their transport through the body, the interactions between nanoparticles and blood cells is still poorly understood and the importance of evaluating nanoparticle hemocompatibility is vastly understated. In contrast to most review articles that look at the interference of nanoparticles with the intricate coagulation cascade, this review will explore nanoparticle hemocompatibility from a cellular angle. The most important functions of the three cellular components of blood, namely erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes, in hemostasis are highlighted. The potential deleterious effects that nanoparticles can have on these cells are discussed and insight is provided into some of the complex mechanisms involved in nanoparticle–blood cell interactions. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of undertaking thorough, all-inclusive hemocompatibility studies on newly engineered nanoparticles to facilitate their translation into clinical application.
Kara M. De La Harpe; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa C. Du Toit; Viness Pillay. The Hemocompatibility of Nanoparticles: A Review of Cell–Nanoparticle Interactions and Hemostasis. Cells 2019, 8, 1209 .
AMA StyleKara M. De La Harpe, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Thashree Marimuthu, Lisa C. Du Toit, Viness Pillay. The Hemocompatibility of Nanoparticles: A Review of Cell–Nanoparticle Interactions and Hemostasis. Cells. 2019; 8 (10):1209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKara M. De La Harpe; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa C. Du Toit; Viness Pillay. 2019. "The Hemocompatibility of Nanoparticles: A Review of Cell–Nanoparticle Interactions and Hemostasis." Cells 8, no. 10: 1209.
This study aims to design and synthesize Endostatin (ENT)-loaded nanoparticles using Folic acid (FA) as a driver for targeted anti-proliferative chemotherapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC). An ionic gelation method was employed to formulate FA-decorated, ENT-loaded nanoparticles, which were tested in vitro on KYSE-30 cells using unbiased stereological approaches. FA-ENT nanoparticles were internalized into ESCC cells with preferential binging to the nucleus and mitochondria for necrotic and apoptotic effects. Nanoparticles showed increased proliferation inhibition of 64.71% and reduced KYSE-30 cell migration of up to 74.12% when compared to the control. Positively charged spherical nanoparticles, with selective pH responsive ENT release, were further tested in vivo employing a tumor xenograft model. Tumor mass increased up to 5505.54 mm3 in the control group while a substantial reduction occurred in the treatment group (native ENT, ENT-nano and FA-ENT-nano) down to 128.23 mm3 (97.67%). Tumor volume was reduced from 1000.2 mm3 to 567.64 mm3 (43.25%) in the native ENT group, from 324.43 mm3 to 190.25 mm3 (41.36%) in ENT-nano group (non-targeted system), and from 1374.21 mm3 to 998.67 mm3 (27.33%) in FA-ENT-nano group (targeted system) following treatment. There were no significant differences in the body weight of mice treated with the nano-formulations as opposed to the control mice. FA-decorated nanoparticles for active transport of ENT into tumor cells with an enhanced in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative efficacy in ESCC therapy were synthesized.
Samson A. Adeyemi; Yahya E. Choonara; Pradeep Kumar; Lisa C. du Toit; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Viness Pillay. Folate-decorated, endostatin-loaded, nanoparticles for anti-proliferative chemotherapy in esophaegeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2019, 119, 109450 .
AMA StyleSamson A. Adeyemi, Yahya E. Choonara, Pradeep Kumar, Lisa C. du Toit, Thashree Marimuthu, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Viness Pillay. Folate-decorated, endostatin-loaded, nanoparticles for anti-proliferative chemotherapy in esophaegeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2019; 119 ():109450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamson A. Adeyemi; Yahya E. Choonara; Pradeep Kumar; Lisa C. du Toit; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Viness Pillay. 2019. "Folate-decorated, endostatin-loaded, nanoparticles for anti-proliferative chemotherapy in esophaegeal squamous cell carcinoma." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 119, no. : 109450.
This study introduces a novel approach in fabricating bioplatforms with favourable physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for wound dressing applications. The approach employs a three-step method; partial-crosslinking of polymers into soft macromatrices, lyophilization, and pulverization of those macromatrices to obtain polymer particles with improved properties. For investigation of this approach, the ionic polysaccharides, sodium alginate and chitosan were partially crosslinked with calcium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate, respectively, followed by interpolymer complexation (IPC) for formation of the bioplatform. The formulations displayed good thermal stability with enhanced water uptake. The IPC exhibited water uptake of 4343.4% over 24 hours and displayed 78% biodegradation over 14 days, which was superior to that of a commercial alginate-based wound dressing (1612.56% swelling and 16.26% biodegradation). The bioplatform thus possessed promising fluid-absorptivity and biodegradability, for potential application as a wound therapeutic system.
Hillary Mndlovu; Lisa du Toit; Pradeep Kumar; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. Development of a fluid-absorptive alginate-chitosan bioplatform for potential application as a wound dressing. Carbohydrate Polymers 2019, 222, 114988 .
AMA StyleHillary Mndlovu, Lisa du Toit, Pradeep Kumar, Thashree Marimuthu, Pierre P.D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Viness Pillay. Development of a fluid-absorptive alginate-chitosan bioplatform for potential application as a wound dressing. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2019; 222 ():114988.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHillary Mndlovu; Lisa du Toit; Pradeep Kumar; Thashree Marimuthu; Pierre P.D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. 2019. "Development of a fluid-absorptive alginate-chitosan bioplatform for potential application as a wound dressing." Carbohydrate Polymers 222, no. : 114988.
Sulpiride (SPR) is a selective antagonist of central dopamine receptors but has limited clinical use due to its poor pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to investigate how metal ligation to SPR may improve its solubility, intestinal permeability and prolong its half-life. The synthesis and characterisation of ternary metal complexes [Ru(p -cymene)(L)(SPR)]PF6 (L1 = (R)-(+)-2-amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol, L2 = ethanolamine, L3 = (S)-(+)-2-amino-1-propanol, L4 = 3-amino-1-propanol, L5 = (S)-(+)-2-pyrrolidinemethanol) are described in this work. The stability constant of the [Ru(p -cymene)(SPR)] complex was determined using Job’s method. The obtained value revealed higher stability of the metal complex in the physiological pH than in an acidic environment such as the stomach. The ternary metal complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal analyses, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis). Solubility studies showed higher aqueous solubility for complexed SPR than the free drug. Dissolution profiles of SPR from the metal complexes exhibited slower dissolution rate of the drug. Permeation studies through the pig’s intestine revealed enhanced membrane permeation of the complexed drug. In vitro methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay showed no noticeable toxic effects of the ternary metal complexes on Caco-2 cell line.
Gretta C. M’Bitsi-Ibouily; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Lisa du Toit; Priyamvada Pradeep; Girish Modi; Viness Pillay. Synthesis, Characterisation and In Vitro Permeation, Dissolution and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Ruthenium(II)-Liganded Sulpiride and Amino Alcohol. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -18.
AMA StyleGretta C. M’Bitsi-Ibouily, Thashree Marimuthu, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara, Lisa du Toit, Priyamvada Pradeep, Girish Modi, Viness Pillay. Synthesis, Characterisation and In Vitro Permeation, Dissolution and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Ruthenium(II)-Liganded Sulpiride and Amino Alcohol. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGretta C. M’Bitsi-Ibouily; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Lisa du Toit; Priyamvada Pradeep; Girish Modi; Viness Pillay. 2019. "Synthesis, Characterisation and In Vitro Permeation, Dissolution and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Ruthenium(II)-Liganded Sulpiride and Amino Alcohol." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-18.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) show clear advantages over conventional routes of drug administration. Nonetheless, there are limitations to current TDDS which warrant further research to improve current TDD platforms. Spurred by the synthesis of novel biodegradable ionic liquids (ILs) and favorable cytotoxicity studies, ILs were shown to be a possible solution to overcome these challenges. Their favorable application in overcoming challenges ranging from synthesis, manufacture, and even therapeutic benefits were documented. In this review, said ILs are highlighted and their role in TDDS is reviewed in terms of (a) ILs as permeation enhancers (single agents or combined), (b) ILs in drug modification, and (c) ILs as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Furthermore, future combination of ILs with other chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) is proposed and discussed.
Zainul Sidat; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Lisa C. du Toit; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 96 .
AMA StyleZainul Sidat, Thashree Marimuthu, Pradeep Kumar, Lisa C. du Toit, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Viness Pillay. Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11 (2):96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZainul Sidat; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Lisa C. du Toit; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. 2019. "Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2: 96.
The complete synthesis, optimization, purification, functionalization and evaluation of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) was reported for potential application in dexamethasone delivery to the ischemic brain tissue. The conditions for high yield were optimized and carbon nanotubes functionalized and PEGylated prior to dexamethasone loading. Morphological changes were confirmed by SEM and TEM. Addition of functional groups to MWCNTs was demonstrated by FTIR. Thermal stability reduced following MWCNTs functionalization as demonstrated in TGA. The presence of carbon at 2θ of 25° and iron at 2θ of 45° in MWCNTs was illustrated by XRD. Polydispersive index and zeta potential were found to be 0.261 and −15.0 mV, respectively. Dexamethasone release increased by 55%, 65% and 95% in pH of 7.4, 6.5 and 5.5 respectively as evaluated by UV-VIS. The functionalized VA-MWCNTs were demonstrated to be less toxic in PC-12 cells in the concentration range from 20 to 20,000 µg/mL. These findings have demonstrated the potential of VA-MWCNTs in the enhancement of fast and prolonged release of dexamethasone which could lead to the effective treatment of ischemic stroke. More work is under way for targeting ischemic sites using atrial natriuretic peptide antibody in stroke rats.
Patrick P. Komane; Pradeep Kumar; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa C. du Toit; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. Dexamethasone-Loaded, PEGylated, Vertically Aligned, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Potential Ischemic Stroke Intervention. Molecules 2018, 23, 1406 .
AMA StylePatrick P. Komane, Pradeep Kumar, Thashree Marimuthu, Lisa C. du Toit, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Viness Pillay. Dexamethasone-Loaded, PEGylated, Vertically Aligned, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Potential Ischemic Stroke Intervention. Molecules. 2018; 23 (6):1406.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick P. Komane; Pradeep Kumar; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa C. du Toit; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. 2018. "Dexamethasone-Loaded, PEGylated, Vertically Aligned, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Potential Ischemic Stroke Intervention." Molecules 23, no. 6: 1406.
A series of three dual-responsive ‘thermosonic’ (thermo- and ultrasound-responsive) injectable organogels (TIOs) based on crosslinked N-(isopropyl acrylamide) (NIPAM) bearing biocompatible polymeric constituents were investigated for strong gelation in response to tumour temperature, and sol-like fluid gel formation upon the application of an ultrasonic stimulus. A time-efficient free radical polymerisation reaction of ˂15 min resulted in TIO formation. Moreover, the formulation of the TIOs integrated green chemistry principles to ensure enhanced biocompatibility. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis revealed the presence of new molecular vibrations at 847 and 771 cm−1 (CH deformation), which were indicative of the functionalisation of the NIPAM backbone with hydrophobic and ultrasound-responsive aromatic moieties. Thermo- and ultrasound-response analysis and rheological analysis demonstrated that the TIOs displayed a temperature-induced transition to a strong highly-structured gel, and an ultrasound-triggered increase in gel flowability dependant on the composition of the formulation. Cell proliferation studies were undertaken for the TIOs, which verified that the designed TIOs were all non-cytotoxic and promoted cell proliferation over 1, 3, and 5 day intervals. The rational design and formulation of a biocompatible injectable in-situ depot drug delivery system for ultimate application in tumour targeting was successfully achieved and warrant further investigation.
A. Zardad; M. Mabrouk; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa du Toit; Pradeep Kumar; Y.E. Choonara; Pierre Kondiah; R.V. Badhe; Dharmesh Chejara; V. Pillay. Synthesis and biocompatibility of dual-responsive thermosonic injectable organogels based on crosslinked N-(isopropyl acrylamide) for tumour microenvironment targeting. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2018, 90, 148 -158.
AMA StyleA. Zardad, M. Mabrouk, Thashree Marimuthu, Lisa du Toit, Pradeep Kumar, Y.E. Choonara, Pierre Kondiah, R.V. Badhe, Dharmesh Chejara, V. Pillay. Synthesis and biocompatibility of dual-responsive thermosonic injectable organogels based on crosslinked N-(isopropyl acrylamide) for tumour microenvironment targeting. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2018; 90 ():148-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Zardad; M. Mabrouk; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa du Toit; Pradeep Kumar; Y.E. Choonara; Pierre Kondiah; R.V. Badhe; Dharmesh Chejara; V. Pillay. 2018. "Synthesis and biocompatibility of dual-responsive thermosonic injectable organogels based on crosslinked N-(isopropyl acrylamide) for tumour microenvironment targeting." Materials Science and Engineering: C 90, no. : 148-158.
Stigmergy, a form of self-organization, was employed here to engineer a self-organizing peptide capable of forming a nano- or micro-structure and that can potentially be used in various drug delivery and biomedical applications. These self-assembling peptides exhibit several desirable qualities for drug delivery, tissue engineering, cosmetics, antibiotics, food science, and biomedical surface engineering. In this study, peptide biomaterial synthesis was carried out using an environment-reliant auto-programmer stigmergic approach. A model protein, α-gliadin (31, 36, and 38 kD), was forced to attain a primary structure with free –SH groups and broken down enzymatically into smaller fragments using chymotrypsin. This breakdown was carried out at different environment conditions (37 and 50 °C), and the fragments were allowed to self-organize at these temperatures. The new peptides so formed diverged according to the environmental conditions. Interestingly, two peptides (with molecular weights of 13.8 and 11.8 kD) were isolated when the reaction temperature was maintained at 50 °C, while four peptides with molecular weights of 54, 51, 13.8, and 12.8 kD were obtained when the reaction was conducted at 37 °C. Thus, at a higher temperature (50 °C), the peptides formed, compared to the original protein, had lower molecular weights, whereas, at a lower temperature (37 °C), two peptides had higher molecular weights and two had lower molecular weights.
Ravindra V. Badhe; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa C. Du Toit; Divya Bijukumar; Dharmesh R. Chejara; Mostafa Mabrouk; Viness Pillay. Customized Peptide Biomaterial Synthesis via an Environment-Reliant Auto-Programmer Stigmergic Approach. Materials 2018, 11, 609 .
AMA StyleRavindra V. Badhe, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara, Thashree Marimuthu, Lisa C. Du Toit, Divya Bijukumar, Dharmesh R. Chejara, Mostafa Mabrouk, Viness Pillay. Customized Peptide Biomaterial Synthesis via an Environment-Reliant Auto-Programmer Stigmergic Approach. Materials. 2018; 11 (4):609.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavindra V. Badhe; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Thashree Marimuthu; Lisa C. Du Toit; Divya Bijukumar; Dharmesh R. Chejara; Mostafa Mabrouk; Viness Pillay. 2018. "Customized Peptide Biomaterial Synthesis via an Environment-Reliant Auto-Programmer Stigmergic Approach." Materials 11, no. 4: 609.
A dual pH/redox responsive copper-glyglycine-prednisolone succinate [Cu(glygly)(PS)]-loaded nanoliposomal (NL) sludge was successfully synthesized and optimized using a Box-Behnken design of experiments. Pre-formulation design variables indicated that relative ratios of phospholipids, considerably influences NL size, thus altering the degree of drug loading in the formulation. In vitro evaluation further confirmed optimum release kinetics of the NL sludge, corresponding closely to ex vivo permeation studies, demonstrating effective transdermal delivery of prednisone (PS) through a pig skin model, which closely resembles human skin anatomy. The pH/redox stimuli responsiveness of the NL sludge further demonstrated superior properties in vivo using a Sprague-Dawley rat model. The NL sludge displayed the greatest release of PS within 24 hours of evaluation, falling within the acceptable therapeutic range of PS dose efficiency. In vivo results further displayed the greatest absorption of PS under inflammatory induced conditions, thus confirming the unique pH/redox responsive properties of the NL sludge. It was thus confirmed that the [Cu(glygly)(PS)]-loaded NL sludge has significant potential for application in chronic inflammatory conditions such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), designed to release an effective dose of corticosteroid, as a transdermal drug delivery formulation, for effective therapeutic efficacy.
Simphiwe Mavuso; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Pierre Kondiah; Lisa C. du Toit; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Dual pH/Redox Responsive Nanoliposomal Sludge for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018, 107, 1028 -1036.
AMA StyleSimphiwe Mavuso, Thashree Marimuthu, Pradeep Kumar, Pierre Kondiah, Lisa C. du Toit, Yahya E. Choonara, Viness Pillay. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Dual pH/Redox Responsive Nanoliposomal Sludge for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 107 (4):1028-1036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimphiwe Mavuso; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Pierre Kondiah; Lisa C. du Toit; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. 2018. "In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Dual pH/Redox Responsive Nanoliposomal Sludge for Transdermal Drug Delivery." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 107, no. 4: 1028-1036.
There is a demand for progressive approaches in bone tissue engineering to repair and regenerate bone defects resulting from trauma or disease. This investigation sought to engineer a single‐step in situ conjugated polymeric scaffold employing 3D printing technology as an innovative fabricating tool. A polymeric scaffold was engineered in situ employing sodium alginate as a bio‐ink which interacted with a poly(ethyleneimine) solution on bioprinting to form a polyelectrolyte complex through ionic bond formation. Silica gel was included in the bio‐ink as temporal inorganic support component and for ultimate enhancement of osteoinduction. Characterization of the biorelevant properties of the scaffold was undertaken via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimentric Analysis, X‐Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and biomechanical testing. The scaffold maintained its 3D architecture for the duration of the 28‐day degradation investigation, while potentially permitting the infiltration of nutrients, growth factor, and cells evident by the increased solvent penetration into the scaffold observed via Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies. The scaffold porosity and pore size were found to be 60% and 360 µm, respectively. Biomechanical evaluation revealed a Young's modulus of 18.37 MPa highlighting that the scaffold in its current form possesses the mechanical capabilities for certain bone tissue engineering applications. This investigation provided highlighted the applicability of alginate‐poly(ethyeneimine)/silica for 3D bioprinting as a scaffold which could possess potential as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1311–1321, 2018.
Mduduzi N. Sithole; Pradeep Kumar; Lisa C. du Toit; Thashree Marimuthu; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. A 3D bioprinted in situ conjugated-co -fabricated scaffold for potential bone tissue engineering applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2018, 106, 1311 -1321.
AMA StyleMduduzi N. Sithole, Pradeep Kumar, Lisa C. du Toit, Thashree Marimuthu, Yahya E. Choonara, Viness Pillay. A 3D bioprinted in situ conjugated-co -fabricated scaffold for potential bone tissue engineering applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2018; 106 (5):1311-1321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMduduzi N. Sithole; Pradeep Kumar; Lisa C. du Toit; Thashree Marimuthu; Yahya E. Choonara; Viness Pillay. 2018. "A 3D bioprinted in situ conjugated-co -fabricated scaffold for potential bone tissue engineering applications." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 106, no. 5: 1311-1321.
Direct metal-liganded bioactive coordination complexes are known to be sensitive to stimuli such as pH, light, ion activation, or redox cues. This results in the controlled release of the bioactive(s). Compared to other drug delivery strategies based on metal complexation, this type of coordination negates a multi-step drug loading methodology and offers customized physiochemical properties through judicious choice of modulating ancillary ligands. Bioactive release depends on simple dissociative kinetics. Nonetheless, there are challenges encountered when translating the pure coordination chemistry into the biological and physiological landscape. The stability of the metal–bioactive complex in the biological milieu may be compromised, disrupting the stimuli-responsive release mechanism, with premature release of the bioactive. Research has therefore progressed to the incorporation of metal-liganded bioactives with established drug delivery strategies to overcome these limitations. This review will highlight and critically assess current research interventions in order to predict the direction that pharmaceutical scientists could pursue to arrive at tailored and effective metal-liganded bioactive carriers for stimuli-responsive drug release.
Gretta C. M’Bitsi-Ibouily; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Viness Pillay; Lisa C. Du Toit. Outlook on the Application of Metal-Liganded Bioactives for Stimuli-Responsive Release. Molecules 2017, 22, 2065 .
AMA StyleGretta C. M’Bitsi-Ibouily, Thashree Marimuthu, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Viness Pillay, Lisa C. Du Toit. Outlook on the Application of Metal-Liganded Bioactives for Stimuli-Responsive Release. Molecules. 2017; 22 (12):2065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGretta C. M’Bitsi-Ibouily; Thashree Marimuthu; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Viness Pillay; Lisa C. Du Toit. 2017. "Outlook on the Application of Metal-Liganded Bioactives for Stimuli-Responsive Release." Molecules 22, no. 12: 2065.
A pH-responsive hydrogel system was prepared by free radical polymerization of acrylamide and methyl acrylic acid in the presence of N-N′-methylene bisacrylamide. Sodium bicarbonate was further applied as a blowing agent, which afforded a porous hydrogel structure. The hydrogel system achieved a constant super swelling rate within simulated intestinal buffer (~4%/min) and remained relatively static within simulated gastric buffer (~0.8%/min). The hydrogel system was able to achieve matrix resilience greater than 30% under a relatively high strain of 40%. In addition, the hydrogel system demonstrated significant swelling properties in response to simulated intestinal environmental over 24 h, with contrasting characteristics in simulated gastric buffer. The hydrogel demonstrated type IV isotherm porosity characteristics, with remarkable MRI and SEM variations in gastric and intestinal simulated fluids. Drug loading was observed to be greater than 98% using theophylline as a prototype drug, evaluating its controlled release kinetics over 24 h. The hydrogel exhibited substantial pH-responsive activity, which could be used as a versatile platform for targeted release of gastric-sensitive therapeutics to the small intestine.
Angus R. Hibbins; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Thashree Marimuthu; Viness Pillay; Lisa C. Du Toit. Design of a Versatile pH-Responsive Hydrogel for Potential Oral Delivery of Gastric-Sensitive Bioactives. Polymers 2017, 9, 474 .
AMA StyleAngus R. Hibbins, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Thashree Marimuthu, Viness Pillay, Lisa C. Du Toit. Design of a Versatile pH-Responsive Hydrogel for Potential Oral Delivery of Gastric-Sensitive Bioactives. Polymers. 2017; 9 (10):474.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngus R. Hibbins; Pradeep Kumar; Yahya E. Choonara; Pierre P. D. Kondiah; Thashree Marimuthu; Viness Pillay; Lisa C. Du Toit. 2017. "Design of a Versatile pH-Responsive Hydrogel for Potential Oral Delivery of Gastric-Sensitive Bioactives." Polymers 9, no. 10: 474.