Force measurement is a science discipline that experiences significant progress with the introduction of new materials and evaluation methods. Many different sensor types, working on different principles, have been developed and reviewed and have found use in medicine as well as many other industries. New trends and demands require a size reduction and simple applicability, with the use of, for example, micro electromechanical systems ($MEMS$). For purposes of this study, the initial $MEMS$ body is supplemented by its scaled version. Force measurement in this study works on the force to time-delay conversion principle. A compact compliant mechanical body ($CCMB$) with an embedded parallel resonant circuit ($PRC$) acting as a transducer realizes the conversion. Depending on the resonant frequency of the transducer ($CCMB$ or $MEMS$), we have measured the applied force based on the reverse influence of the transducer on the surrounding $EM$ field. The analysis shows that the transducer’s resonant frequency has a detectable reverse influence on the voltage-controlled oscillator ($VCO$) $DC$ supply current. The force influencing the transducer is determined by the $DC$ supply current ripple position during the $VCO$ frequency sweep. The study presents the method proposal and mathematical analysis, as well as its function verification by simulation and prototype measurements. The proposed principle was validated on a $CCMB$ prototype capable of measuring forces up to ∼$2.5$ N at a sampling frequency of ∼23 kHz, while the measured time-delay ranges from $14.5$ µs to $27.4$ µs.

This paper deals with design procedures for devices based on compact compliant mechanical structures. Compliant mechanisms represent relatively a broad class of electro-mechanical systems where output motions / displacements are reached by elastic deformation of their flexural parts / segments. They are used especially for building robotic micro-positioning devices, effectors, sensors and actuators. Design problems of compliant mechanisms for particular devices are discussed. Application of an optimization procedure in design of the compliant joint is shown as example.

This manuscript analyzes the omni-directivity error of an electromagnetic field (EM) probe and its dependence on frequency. The global directional characteristic of a whole EM probe consists of three independent directional characteristics of EM sensors - one for each coordinate. The shape of particular directional characteristics is frequency dependent and so is the shape of the whole EM probe’s global directional characteristic. This results in systematic error induced in the measurement of EM fields. This manuscript also contains quantitative formulation of such errors caused by the shape change of directional characteristics for different types of sensors depending on frequency and their mutual arrangement

This article deals with analytical calculation of the near-field of an electric dipole in Cartesian coordinate system in a closed form. Results of the analytical calculation are verified by numerical method.

This paper is dealing with measurement of a near-field strength in the region around a source, which is supply of radiation. Electromagnetic field is distributed inhomogeneously in this case. The field consists of two components field, vectors of electric and magnetic field. The intensity of the components of the electric field is calculated using the modified Maxwell equation. Also intensity is calculated by averaging the results of the Maxwell`s equations. The calculation of the components of the electric field intensity using two methods are different. The method of calculating electric field (averaging), which represents real measurement, is loaded by error. The real measurement is loaded by the averaging error, too. The paper is also dealing with problem of mentioned field components measurement using multiple sensors – electrical short dipoles. Impact of size of the electromagnetic field sensor on a measurement accuracy of individual components, such as impact on the resulting vector of the electrical field, is expressed in this paper. We achieve better results of joinder and less measurement uncertainty of electric field at the exercise of joinder units of the electric field in metrological laboratories