Purpose: To summarize current surgical techniques for treating primary macular holes (MHs). Methods: We reviewed publications detailing surgical approaches to primary MHs, briefly described their protocols, and outlined their results. Results: Currently, the technique for primary MH repair is pars plana vitrectomy, removing the posterior cortical vitreous, stripping the epiretinal membranes, and ending with intraocular gas tamponade. The evident benefit of peeling off the internal limiting membrane (ILM) was clearly shown for MHs at stages 2 to 4 by achieving an anatomical closure rate of > 90%, even in large MH up to 650 μm. Newer MH surgical techniques include modification of ILM flap techniques, placing an autologous scaffolding of tissue within the hole, and cell therapy has shown to increase the closure rate of large and chronic macular holes, resulting in modest functional improvement in complicated MHs. Conclusion: Since the turn of the century, the success rate of modern macular surgery has increased, even for large and chronic MHs. There seems to be no limit to novel concepts in MH surgery, which range from anatomical closure to those proposing natural restoration of visual function via stem cell therapy.

In modern eye care, the adoption of ophthalmology chatbots stands out as a pivotal technological progression. These digital assistants present numerous benefits, such as better access to vital information, heightened patient interaction, and streamlined triaging. Recent evaluations have highlighted their performance in both the triage of ophthalmology conditions and ophthalmology knowledge assessment, underscoring their potential and areas for improvement. However, assimilating these chatbots into the prevailing healthcare infrastructures brings challenges. These encompass ethical dilemmas, legal compliance, seamless integration with electronic health records (EHR), and fostering effective dialogue with medical professionals. Addressing these challenges necessitates the creation of bespoke standards and protocols for ophthalmology chatbots. The horizon for these chatbots is illuminated by advancements and anticipated innovations, poised to redefine the delivery of eye care. The synergy of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with chatbots amplifies their diagnostic prowess. Additionally, their capability to adapt linguistically and culturally ensures they can cater to a global patient demographic. In this article, we explore in detail the utilization of chatbots in ophthalmology, examining their accuracy, reliability, data protection, security, transparency, potential algorithmic biases, and ethical considerations. We provide a comprehensive review of their roles in the triage of ophthalmology conditions and knowledge assessment, emphasizing their significance and future potential in the field.

To report a rare case of solitary eyelid schwannoma in a Thai child without clinical manifestation of neurofibromatosis. A 9-year-old Thai boy presented with an isolated painless mass on the left lower eyelid. The mass had gradually grown for 2 years. He denied a history of trauma or previous eyelid surgery. A clinical examination revealed no clinical features of neurofibromatosis. The provisional diagnosis at that time was a sebaceous cyst. However, excisional biopsy showed an encapsulated tumor characterized by interlaced spindle-celled fasciculi with focal palisading of nuclei arranging in Antoni A and Antoni B patterns. The immunocytochemistry was strongly positive for S-100 protein reaction. The diagnosis of schwannoma was made, with no recurrence at. Schwannoma of the eyelid is extremely rare in children, accounting for less than 0.1% of all eyelid tumors. Combined with clinical features, histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses emphasize the disease entities. These findings may extend the knowledge on experiences of schwannoma in children.