The cellular secretome is pivotal in mediating intercellular communication and coordinating responses to stressors. Exosomes, initially recognized for their role in waste disposal, have now emerged as key intercellular messengers with significant therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Similarly, autophagy has transcended its traditional role as a waste removal mechanism, emerging as a regulator of intracellular communication pathways and a contributor to a unique autophagy-dependent secretome. Secretory authophagy, initiated by various stress stimuli, prompts the selective release of proteins implicated in inflammation, including leaderless proteins that bypass the conventional endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi secretory pathway. This reflects the significant impact of stress-induced autophagy on cellular secretion profiles, including the modulation of exosome release. The convergence of exosome biogenesis and autophagy is exemplified by the formation of amphisomes, vesicles that integrate autophagic and endosomal pathways, indicating their synergistic interplay. Regulatory proteins common to both pathways, particularly mTORC1, emerge as potential therapeutic targets to alter cellular secretion profiles involved in various diseases. This review explores the dynamic interplay between autophagy and exosome formation, highlighting the potential to influence the secretome composition. While the modulation of exosome secretion and cytokine preconditioning is well-established in regenerative medicine, the strategic manipulation of autophagy is still underexplored, presenting a promising but uncharted therapeutic landscape.

The role of oxidative stress in the development of Alzheimer's disease

Prader — Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rate multisystem disease caused by a developmental disorder of the nervous system. The syndrome is associated with an imprinting defect, i.e. lack of expression of paternal genes on chromosome 15 q11.2q13.1. This genetic defect leads to cognitive and behavioral disorders; hypothalamic dysfunction; endocrine, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and other disorders. PWS is the most frequent cause of hereditary obesity. In turn, the obesity causes the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome and respiratory failure.The aim of this article was to describe a clinical case of 28-year-old female who presented with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.Conclusion. The patient was treated with respiratory support (non-invasive ventilation). The timely diagnosis and treatment of respiratory failure is important for the outcome as it can improve the patient’s quality of life and the life expectancy.

The anatomical structures of the facial skin are susceptible to various damage and can be affected when the integrity of the skin is violated, both at home and during invasive procedures or surgical interventions. In such cases, there is a danger of rapid spread of infection, mainly through the blood flow through the valve-less vessels of the face and head, which can lead to damage to the brain, organ of vision and other structures. The so-called danger zones of the face are especially vulnerable - areas of the skin, damage to which is more likely to lead to serious consequences. To prevent the development of complications, a deep understanding of the anatomical structure of these areas of the face is necessary. The purpose of the review is to summarize modern notions about the most dangerous traumatic injuries, various surgical and cosmetic interventions of the anatomical areas in the face, their possible infection, consequences and complications. Traumatization of blood vessels and nerves in dangerous areas of the face, as well as infection of wounds in this area can cause death. The skin of dangerous anatomical areas of the face (the surface of the nasal area, lip area, nasolabial triangle and other areas) is thin and closely connected to the underlying muscles. These areas contain a large number of blood vessels that anastomose with each other, as well as lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. An analysis of the frequency of diseases and injuries in these areas shows that currently they are caused by other reasons than what was observed in previous decades, and are more associated with cosmetic procedures of uncontrolled injections of botulinum toxin type A and (or) hyaluronic acid preparations. These methods of rejuvenating the appearance and correcting facial structures are becoming increasingly popular and more dangerous for the anatomically determined reasons mentioned above. All of the above is relevant in the study of facial anatomy by both students and specialists.

Brain commissures and related pathologies