The issue of carbon emission reduction for sustainable agriculture in rural areas has gained significant attention in China. Farmers play a crucial role as key implementers and active participants in this process, highlighting the significance of their awareness of carbon emission reduction. Straw, as the primary source of carbon emissions in rural areas, is a key component of rural carbon emission reduction efforts. This study focuses on 26 representative villages in Heilongjiang Province to analyze the current status of straw production and resource utilization in the context of rural carbon emission reduction. By employing the planned behavior theory in combination with structural equation modeling, the study aims to explore the analysis and prediction of farmers’ willingness to reduce carbon emissions. The findings reveal that maize and rice crops are the primary sources of straw in Heilongjiang Province, with the existing policies primarily focusing on the practice of returning straw to the field. However, the burning of straw in the field remains prevalent due to factors such as immature conversion technologies, high costs, low benefits, and limited recycling rates of enterprises, subsequently leading to increased carbon emissions. Moreover, farmers’ habits of stacking or burning straw in the field significantly influence straw utilization and carbon emission reduction awareness. To address these issues, the government should formulate appropriate straw recycling policies based on the specific circumstances and needs of farmers. Additionally, implementing comprehensive straw utilization policies becomes more effective when farmers have positive perceptions and awareness of carbon emission reduction and straw recycling. In conclusion, the government should develop diverse modes of straw resource utilization and field management tailored to local conditions. Furthermore, strengthening research and development efforts, providing technical training, and offering policy support are essential for promoting carbon emission reduction in rural areas.

Spotted seals, a protected species, face multifaceted threats to their habitat, which in turn impact the closely associated trophic networks. These threats will lead to irreversible structural variations within the ecosystem. Therefore, investigating the topological variability of trophic networks in spotted seals is important. Applying environmental DNA methods, field sample collection was conducted in 2021 during both the sea fishing moratorium period and the fishing period to decode fish diversity. Assessing the current status of fish resources by using the multivariate statistics approach. Applying dietary information establishes the spotted seals’ trophic network. Selecting 12 network indexes to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of network topological attributes. As a result, about 51 families, and 76 genera species were identified. During the sea fishing moratorium and the fishing period, there are 12 and 18 different food resources available for spotted seals, respectively. The diversity index revealed that the FP had greater species richness and diversity than the SP. Comparatively, the Fishing period exhibited higher species richness and biodiversity, likely influenced by habitat heterogeneity and anthropogenic activities. Additionally, the topological features of networks reflected the high clustering coefficients (CC=0.35) and the proportion of omnivorous species (O≈60%), indicating that the network structure in this region tends to form higher trophic-level clustering patterns, which facilitate the formation of weaker interactions between clusters, enhancing the robustness of the network. The higher connectivity complexity index during the fishing period (SC=12.3) supported that the spotted seal’s trophic network was relatively more stable in this period. Thus, during the fishing period, it is crucial to pay more attention to the intensity of human fishing on mid-to-high trophic-level omnivorous fish resources to ensure the sustainability of these potential food resources for spotted seals. This comprehensive study achieved three key objectives: (a) utilizing eDNA to characterize fish diversity during distinct periods, (b) establishing trophic networks of spotted seals, and (c) discerning topological attributes and spatiotemporal patterns within the ecological network. Overall, this study can provide technical and data support for integrated ecological network management and propose suggestions for protecting and recovering spotted seals.

This study addresses the critical problem of understanding the changing dynamics of glacier meltwater in Lake Mertzbakher, a challenge heightened by ongoing global climate change. Employing the innovative method of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, this research meticulously extracted surface water data at 60 time points during the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2021. This approach represents a significant advancement over previous methods by offering more frequent and precise data analysis. We incorporated meteorological factors such as temperature and precipitation to assess their influence on the monthly changes in the glacier lake area. Our findings indicate a pronounced outburst in July, leading to a substantial decrease in the lake’s area, which reaches its lowest in September. Through detailed partial regression analysis, we established a hierarchy of meteorological influences on the lake’s area, identifying minimum temperature (r = 0.245), mean temperature (r = −0.239), precipitation (r = 0.228), radiation (r = 0.154), and maximum temperature (r = 0.128) as key factors. Additionally, our use of a structural equation model unveiled the most impactful elements, with mean temperature (r = −3.320), minimum temperature (r = 2.870), radiation (r = 0.480), and precipitation (r = 0.470) leading the effects. These insights mark a substantial contribution to our understanding of glacier lake dynamics, offering crucial data for predicting and managing glacier lake floods. This study’s novel methodology and comprehensive analysis underscore its significance in enhancing disaster prevention and preparedness strategies amidst the challenges of global climate change.