LoRa technology, renowned for its low-power, long-range capabilities in IoT applications, faces challenges in real-world scenarios, including fading channels, interference, and environmental obstacles. This paper aims to study the reliability of LoRa in Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) conditions and in noisy and mobile environments for Industrial IoT (IIoT) applications. Experimental measurements consider factors like vegetation and infrastructure, introducing mobility to replicate NLoS conditions. Utilizing an open-source LoRa Physical Layer (PHY) Software-Defined Radio (SDR) prototype developed with GNU Radio, we assess communication reliability through metrics such as Block Error Rate (BLER), Signal-to-Noise-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), and data rate. The study reveals the estimated overall reliability of the LoRa signal at 90.23%, emphasizing specific configuration details. This work contributes to the broader field of LoRa communication, encompassing hardware, software, protocols, and management, enhancing our understanding of LoRa’s dependability in challenging IIoT environments.

The long term evolution (LTE) has already been commercially implemented for nearly a decade. Despite the fact that it is constantly being updated throughout new releases, the establishment of the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks has been started. In this research, we study the performance of our LTE/5G testbed using software defined radio (SDR) at the Technical University of Chemnitz (TUC) in Germany. The goal is to discover certain critical performance metrics and provide thoughtful considerations in the context of remote/autonomous driving and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. Investigating the channel conditions of the testbed in terms of the link-budget and delay-spread, we evaluate and compare the latency and data-rate performance of the system. We present a review with a discussion of the limitations that must be carefully considered to meet the requirements in beyond-5G and future mobile networks technology.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive evaluation of two prominent low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) tech-nologies, low power long range alliance (LoRa) and narrow-band internet-of-things (NB-IoT), which are widely used in the internet-of-things (IoT) sector. We investigate their performance under challenging conditions, specifically in a scenario where the signal is subject to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception caused by signal diffraction. Additionally, we analyze the potential application challenges and use cases for each technology and provide insight into which technology is more suitable for specific scenarios. Our findings aim to inspire future researchers and manufacturers in the field of LPWAN and IoT.